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A critical reflection and alternative approach(es) to foreign- born football players at the FIFA World Cup, c. 1930-2014

• G. van Campenhout, MSc.

PhD Candidate ‘Sport and the Nation’ Erasmus School of History, Culture and Communication Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands vancampenhout@eshcc.eur.nl www.sportandnation.com @SportandNation

French squad without migrants

Steve Mandanda Samir Nasri

Source: Simran Khosla / Global Post (2014)

Rod Fanni

International football as a prism

• Recent phenomenon?
• Lack of (historical) overview on migrant

footballers and nationality changes in international football

• Database on FIFA World Cups, 1930-2014

– Biographical data and genealogy – 9.400 cases/football players – Who counts as a migrant football player?

Jus Soli Jus Nexi Jus Sanguinis

Acquiring Citizenship

Source: van Campenhout (2017) Source: FIFA (2017)

Foreign-born proxy (Jus soli)

• Foreign-born

“An international migrant is a person who is living in a country other than his or her country of birth.” (UN, 2015)

• Overlooks historical and geo-political contexts

➢Territorial changes of borders ➢Colonial relationships between states

• Three approaches

1) Current state borders (2014) 2) Territorial borders at time of FIFA World Cup edition 3) Colonial ties

Approach 1: 2014 Borders

5,46% 8,21% 11,95% 8,87% 11,93% 7,67% 12,22% 5,68% 11,75% 8,52% 2,27% 12,57% 8,16% 13,96% 8,71% 8,94% 9,65% 9,63% 10,73% 11,55% 0,00% 2,00% 4,00% 6,00% 8,00% 10,00% 12,00% 14,00% 16,00% 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

PERCENTAGE FOREIGN-BORN FOOTBALL PLAYERS 1930-2014, APPROACH 1 [#CASES: 913, N=9.400]

Source: van Campenhout (2017)

2014: French foreign-born players

Source: Conrad (2014)

Approach 2: Territorial Changes

4,62% 7,04% 8,18% 4,61% 3,69% 1,70% 3,13% 2,84% 3,44% 4,83% 2,27% 5,33% 5,12% 5,85% 8,33% 7,38% 8,56% 9,09% 10,33% 11,41% 0,00% 2,00% 4,00% 6,00% 8,00% 10,00% 12,00% 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

PERCENTAGE FOREIGN-BORN FOOTBALL PLAYERS 1930-2014, APPROACH 2 [#CASES: 623, N=9.400]

Source: van Campenhout (2017)

Disintegrated States

Yugoslavia: World Youth Champions 1987

Source: Diallo (2013) Source: BBC News (2006)

Approach 3: Colonial Ties

3,78% 6,45% 6,29% 4,61% 2,84% 1,14% 3,13% 1,70% 3,44% 4,83% 1,14% 4,19% 4,93% 5,28% 7,95% 6,66% 8,42% 8,68% 10,19% 11,41% 0,00% 2,00% 4,00% 6,00% 8,00% 10,00% 12,00% 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

PERCENTAGE FOREIGN-BORN FOOTBALL PLAYERS 1930-2014, APPROACH 3 [#CASES: 578, N=9.400]

Source: van Campenhout (2017)

Colonial Nationals

Portuguese national football team in 1966 1934: Dutch international Beb Bakhuys

Source: Alchetron (2017) | Soccernostalgia (2016)

0,00% 2,00% 4,00% 6,00% 8,00% 10,00% 12,00% 14,00% 16,00% 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

APPROACHES FOREIGN-BORN FOOTBALL PLAYERS AND INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS

Foreign-born Footballer C1 Foreign-born Footballer C2 Foreign-born Footballer C3 International Migrants

Outcomes

Source: van Campenhout (2017)

Thank y hank you f

• u for
• r your a
• ur attention

ttention Ques Questions? tions?

• G. van Campenhout, MSc.

PhD Candidate ‘Sport and the Nation’ Erasmus School of History, Culture and Communication Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands vancampenhout@eshcc.eur.nl www.sportandnation.com @SportandNation Source: Football Whispers (2016)