Microstructures, textures and material properties of marble rocks Paolo Conti conti@unisi.it , Italy Samos Training School, 26-30 August 2013
Contents • Marble behaviour • Crystal structure of minerals and rocks • Rock fabrics • Marble deterioration • Mechanical properties • Natural examples 2
Marbles: different behaviour ( Ephesus, Turkey ) (from Shushakova et al., 2010) 3
Marbles: different behaviour panels 4
Marbles: different behaviour 5
Marbles Same composition ( ≃ 100 % CaCO 3 ) Different behaviour due to: • anisotropic physical properties of calcite crystals • texture of rocks • microstructure of rocks 6
Anisotropic physical properties: Crystal structure of rocks 7
Anisotropic physical properties: strength crystal “weak” bond “strong” bond 8
Anisotropic physical properties: strength crystal “weak” bond “strong” bond 9
Anisotropic physical properties: thermal expansion Increasing temperature: stretch of bond length “weak” bond “strong” bond 10
Anisotropic physical properties: thermal expansion (Winkler, 1994) 11
Anisotropic physical properties: natural texture crystallographic direction weak strong crystallographic crystallographic preferred preferred orientation orientation (c) (b) 12
Anisotropic physical properties: shapes (Ruedrich et al., 2011) A l o n g g r a i n b u o n d a r i e s , w e a t e r i n g : m i c r o - k a r s t , b r e a k o u t s , c o l o r a t i o n , f o r m a t i o n o f c r u s t s , b i o l o g i c a l c o l o n i z a t i o n , g r a n u l a r d e s i n t e g r a t i o n , p e e l i n g , m o i s t u r e e x p a n s i o n , e t c . S u p e r f i c i a l d i s i n t r e g r a t i o n - l o s s o f c o h e s i o n ( d i l a t a n c y ) - t o t a l d e c a y o f t h e m a t e r i a l 13
Anisotropic physical properties: shapes straight grain lobate grain boundaries boundaries “slide” “locked” 14
Anisotropic physical properties: shapes no shape preferred shape preferred orientation of crystals orientation of crystals (anisotropic volume increase) 15
Developement of microstructures (movies) dynamic before: no shape preferred (syn-tectonic) orientation, straight recrystallization grain boundaries static before: recrystallization shape preferred orientation, lobate (annealing) grain boundaries Octachloropropane (organic material) http://www.atmos.albany.edu/geology/ webpages/wdmovies/wdmoviep.html Means et al. (1994) J. Struct. Geol.,16, 403-418 16
Anisotropic physical properties (c) (d) (e) (b) • no shape preferred • no shape preferred • shape preferred • shape preferred orientation of orientation of orientation of orientation of grains grains grains grains • no crystallographic • crystallographic • no crystallographic • crystallographic preferred preferred preferred preferred orientation orientation orientation orientation crystallographic preferred orientation of crystals = texture of rock shape preferred orientation of crystals = microstructure of rock (texture + microstructure = fabric) 17
In marbles... limited informations from outcrop studies only 18
Microstructures in marbles “ultra” thin section (<8 µm) 19
Microstructures in marbles Carrara marble (Italy) (Carmignani, Conti, et al., 2007) 20
Microstructures in marbles: measure (Molli, Conti et al., 2007) 21
T extures in marbles: measure (same color, same crystallographic orientation) (Molli, Conti et al., 2007) CIP analysis (Heilbronner Panozzo R. & Pauli C. (1993) - Integrated spatial and orientation analysis of quartz c-axis by computer-aided microscopy. Journal of Structural Geology, 13, 369–382.) 22
In marble rocks ... • Physical properties of rock linked with texture and microstructure; • Laboratory studies yield informations about rock texture and microstructure and therefore inferences about physical properties; • Development of texture and microstructure related to geological history of rock; • Field geology and laboratory studies allow to estimate the microstucture and texture expected in an area. 23
Microstructure, texture and geological evolution Genova Pisa Roma Carrara marble, Vinca Alpi Apuane, Italian L L d a V Vagli Northern Apennines b T c C A Carrara M. Sumbra Arni T Massa • Alpi Apuane tectonic C : Sinclinale di Carrara window V : Anticlinale di Vinca A : Sinclinale di M. Altissimo T : Anticlinale di M.Tambura e Depositi quaternari Stazzema Unità liguri e Falda Toscana • Jurassic limestones: Complesso metamorfico delle Alpi Apuane Unità di Massa marbles ”Autoctono„ Auct. calcari selciferi, diaspri, scisti sericitici, ”pseudomacigno„ (Dogger-Oligocene) marmi e marmi foliazione D1 dolomitici (Lias) Pietrasanta anticlinali e N sinclinali D1 dolomia (Trias) antiformi D2 Basamento paleozoico • greenschists facies 0 5 km a tracce dei profili direzione di trasporto D1 SW direzione di trasporto D2 metamorphism during m 0 NE a C Tertiary 0 m 500 1000 b m 0 V c d A cataclasiti V T NE SW 500 m 0 24 e
Microstructure, texture and geological evolution 1) subduction, main thrusting, folding 2) metamorphism 3) later thrusting 4) extension, exhumation, normal faulting 25
Conclusions • marbles usually are NOT homogeneous rocks; • marbles are thermally sensitive rocks because calcite anisotropic behaviour, damages at low temperature; • studies on microstructures and textures in marbles are performed at thin section scale (or even at smaller scale) • regional and field geology investigations important to link microstructures with tectonic features in the field; • investigating microstructure and texture in rocks is an appropriate tool for: ‣ better set recovery and preservations of marble artifacts; ‣ inferences about marble behaviour; ‣ evaluation of marble quality. 26
... evaluation of marble quality ... • Amoco Corporation Building, Chicago, USA • Bowing of external marble panels: replacement 27
Slides, handouts, papers: www.geotecnologie .unisi.it/conti conti@unisi.it 28
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