Memories! By: Lyndsay Smokovitz Introduction - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Thanks for the

Memories!

By: ¡Lyndsay ¡Smokovitz ¡

Introduction

Who? ¡

• Elizabeth ¡Lo:us

¡ ¡

• Cogni>ve ¡Psychologist ¡

Hypothesis? ¡ ¡

• A ¡ques>on ¡that ¡contains ¡a ¡false ¡presupposi>on ¡

allows ¡the ¡brain ¡to ¡incorporate ¡new, ¡false ¡ informa>on ¡into ¡the ¡memory ¡ ¡

• The ¡memory ¡is ¡not ¡recalled, ¡but ¡reconstructed ¡

What ¡next? ¡

• Four ¡experiments ¡were ¡conducted ¡ ¡
• Each ¡experiment ¡tested ¡memory ¡with ¡a ¡false ¡

presupposi>on ¡ ¡

pre·sup·po·si·tion

Something that is implied and must be true for statement to make sense

Experiment I

• 150 participants were shown a

traffic accident video clip involving a car that ran a stop sign

• Participants then answered 10

questions

• đ of the group (Group A)

received the question:

“How fast was car A going when it turned right?”

• Other đ (Group B) received:

“How fast was car going when it ran stop sign?”

• Both groups were then

asked if they saw a stop sign

Participants who claimed to have seen a stop sign

53%

0% ¡ 10% ¡ 20% ¡ 30% ¡ 40% ¡ 50% ¡ 60% ¡ Group ¡ A ¡ Group ¡ B ¡

35%

Objective: Alter memory using a false presupposition

Experiment II

• 40 participants viewed clip of class being disrupted by 8 antiwar

demonstrators

• Were then given 20 questions (all but 1 question was identical):
• đ of participants (Group C) were asked:

“Was the leader of the 4 demonstrators male?”

• Other đ (Group D) were asked:

“Was the leader of the 12 demonstrators male?” ¡

• After 1 week, participants

returned to answer:

“How many demonstrators did you see in the classroom?”

0 ¡ 2 ¡ 4 ¡ 6 ¡ 8 ¡ 10 ¡ Group ¡C ¡ Group ¡D ¡

6.4 8.85 Objective: Alter memory using presupposition and delayed memory test

Experiment III

• 150 university students watched a video involving a white sports car accident
• After video, participants answered 10 questions:
• đ of participants (Group E) were asked:

“How fast was the white car going when it passed the barn on the country road?”

• Other đ (Group F) were asked:

“How fast was the white car going on the country road?”

Objective: Altered memory to include

• bjects that never existed in original event

0.00% ¡ 5.00% ¡ 10.00% ¡ 15.00% ¡ 20.00% ¡ Group ¡E ¡ Group ¡F ¡

17.3% 2.7%

Participants that claimed to have seen a barn

• Participants returned to

answer 10 new questions

Experiment IV

Objective: Demonstrated how memory would adjust to the mention of an object that never existed in the original event

• 150 participants viewed a film involving

a collision between a car and a man pushing a baby carriage

• Answered questionnaire containing 40

filler questions and these 5 key questions:

• Group G answered direct questions:

“Did you see a barn in the film?”

• Group H answered questions

containing false presuppositions:

“Did you see a station wagon parked in the front of the barn?”

• Group I is the control group and
• nly answered the 40 filler

questions 0% ¡ 5% ¡ 10% ¡ 15% ¡ 20% ¡ 25% ¡ 30% ¡ Group ¡ G ¡ Group ¡ H ¡ Group ¡ I ¡

The above percentages were the amount who saw the objects that were never part of the

• riginal event.

29.2% 15.6% 8.4%

Data Concluded/Results:

Experiment I

• A larger amount of Group B

claimed to have seen a stop sign

• Stop sign is the presupposition

Experiment II

• On average, the groups claimed to

have seen a number near the presupposed number

• Questions contained an implied number
• f antiwar demonstrators

Experiment III

• The barn is implied to exist in the

question

• There was a 14.6% difference

between the two groups

• Group that received the question with

a false presupposition had a greater amount of participants claim to see the barn

Experiment IV

• The data from the direct question

group shows that just the mention of an object will alter memory

• Greatest amount of participants to see

nonexistent object

• False presupposition group was

second to experience the impact

• Implication alters memory

Data ¡shows ¡that ¡the ¡par>cipants’ ¡memory ¡was ¡altered ¡to ¡fit ¡what ¡the ¡presupposi>on ¡implied. ¡ ¡

Real World Application

• It is important to question the reliability of memory as a resource
• Inaccuracy of an eyewitness’ memory in a court case
• Memory is taken through a process from time of event to trial
• Police interviews, “dinner-table stories”, revisiting

memory after event, and retelling event at trial

• Each time a memory is recalled, the neural pathways

are altered

• According to National Geographic, in 2014 4.1% of individual’s
• n trial were falsely convicted

Personal Application

• Have you ever reminisced in your favorite memory with your

best friend?

• Two different perspectives are brought to light, but neither

are right

• Both memories have been reconstructed overtime
• When trying to resolve a two-sided conflict
• Remember human error in recalling memory

Works Cited

Hock, R. R. (2013). Forty Studies that Changed Psychology: Explorations into the History of Psychological

• Research. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.

Ciccarelli, S., White, J. N., (2013). Psychology. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. All images are personal property except for the following: Edgar, J. (Photographer). (2011). Retrieved April 20, 2015, from: http://edgarjaquez.deviantart.com Retrieved April 20, 2015, from: http://www.rosiesandz.com Childhood Memories [Photograph]. (2010). Retrieved April 20, 2015, from: http://scribbles1337.deviantart.com Pham, H. X. (Photographer). (2013). Retrieved April 20, 2015, from: http://www.slate.com/articles Retrieved April 20, 2015, from: http://mercercognitivepsychology.pbworks.com Retrieved April 20, 2015, from: http://www.viralnovelty.net Retrieved April 20, 2015, from: http://picturequotes.info/images/dory-fish-meme Retrieved April 20, 2015, from: http://thumbs.dreamstime.com

Thank you!