Me Metho thods ds of of Sol Solutio ution n of of fi first - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Me Metho thods ds of of Sol Solutio ution n of of fi first - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Me Metho thods ds of of Sol Solutio ution n of of fi first rst or order der o ode de Let M (x ,y) dx + N(x ,y) dy = 0 Exact differential equation M N Then y x Let u = u(x ,y ) =c be a solution Then
Me Metho thods ds of
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Sol Solutio ution n of
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first rst
- r
- rder
der o
- de
de
Let M (x ,y) dx + N(x ,y) dy = 0 Exact differential equation Then
Let u = u(x ,y ) =c be a solution Then du=
𝝐𝒗 𝝐𝒚 𝒆𝒚 + 𝝐𝒗 𝝐𝒛 𝒆𝒛 = 𝟏
u u M , N x y
2 2
M u N u , y y x x x y
M N y x
Then
M N y x
(4) Exact Differential Equations:
This type takes the form:
M N y x
Such that:
( , ) ( , ) M x y dx N x y dy
The solution function will take the form:
c y x f ) , (
c y h dx y x M y x f ) ( ) , ( ) , (
) , ( y x N f y
Example
2 2
2 3 2 7 y x dx yx dy Solve the DE
Solution
2
2 3 M y x
2
2 7 N yx
4 M N yx y x
2
( , ) (2 3) ( ) f x y y x dx h y
2 2
( , ) 3 ( ) f x y y x x h y
2
( ) 2
y
dh y f yx dy
( ) 7 dh y dy
( ) 7 h y y
c y x x y y x f 7 3 ) , (
2 2
Example
3 2 2
sin 3 2 cos y y x x dx xy y x dy
Solve the DE
Solution
2
3 2 sin M N y y x y x
2
( , ) (3 2 cos ) ( ) f x y xy y x dy g x
3 2
( , ) cos ( ) f x y xy y x g x
3 2
( ) sin
x
dg x f y y x dx
( ) dg x x dx
2
( ) 1/ 2 g x x
3 2 2
1 ( , ) cos 2 f x y xy y x x c
Solve the differential eqns
=0
1
ln ydx xy dy
2 3
(3x sin y) dx (x cosy)dy
y y
e dx xe dy
x x 1
e ln ydx e y dy
2 2
2xydx (x 3y )dy
2
2xy dx (x cosy)dy
3 2 2
2xy dx (3x y cosy)dy
(5) DE’s Reducible to Exact:
This type takes the form:
M N y x
Such that:
( , ) ( , ) M x y dx N x y dy
Sometimes there exist a suitable function called an integrating factor such that,
( , ) ( , ) M x y dx N x y dy
which is exact DE.
The problem now is: how to obtain
Case (I):
( )
( )
A x dx
x e
1 ( ) M N A x N y x
( , ) x y
Case (II):
( )
( )
B y dy
y e
1 ( ) M N B y M y x
Example
2 2
3 2 y xy y dx x xy x dy
Solve the DE
Solution
2
M y xy y
2
3 2 N x xy x
2 1 M y x y
1 1 1 ( ) 1 x y M N B y M y x y x y y
1 ( ) ln
( )
dy B y dy y y
y e e e y
2 3 2 N x y x
2 2
3 2 y xy y dx x xy x dy
3 2 2 2 2
3 2
M N
y xy y dx yx xy xy dy
3 2 2
( , ) ( ) ( ) f x y y xy y dx h y
3 2 2 2
1 ( , ) ( ) 2 f x y xy x y xy h y
2 2
( ) 3 2
y
dh y f xy x y xy dy
( ) ( ) dh y h y c dy
3 2 2 2
1 ( , ) 2 f x y xy x y xy c
Example
2 3
cos sin cos 1 x x dy y x dx Solve the DE
Solution
3
cos 1 M y x
2
cos sin N x x
3
cos M x y
2 2
1 2cos sin 2sin ( ) cos cos sin M N x x x A x N y x x x x
2
1 sin ln 2 2ln cos 2 cos cos 2
1 ( ) sec cos
x dx x x x
x e e e x x
3 2
cos 2cos sin N x x x x
2 3
cos sin cos 1 x x dy y x dx
2
sin cos sec x dy y x x dx
( , ) (sin ) ( ) f x y x dy g x
( , ) sin ( ) f x y y x g x
( ) cos
x
dg x f y x dx
2
( ) sec ( ) tan dg x x g x x c dx
( , ) sin tan f x y y x x c
(6) Linear DE’s:
The general first order linear DE takes the form:
( )
( )
p x dx
x e
Solution steps:
( ) ( ) dy p x y q x dx
1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) y x x q x dx c x
Example
cos sin 1 dy x y x dx Solve the DE
Solution
sin 1 cos cos dy x y dx x x
sin ( ) cos x p x x
1 ( ) cos q x x
1 sin ln lncos cos cos
1 ( ) sec cos
x dx x x x
x e e e x x
c dx x x x x y cos 1 sec sec 1 ) (
c x x y tan sec
(7) DE’s Reducible to Linear (Bernoulli DE):
The general form of Bernoulli DE is:
( ) ( ) n dy p x y q x y dx
1 n
u y
(1 ) ( ) (1 ) ( ) du n p x u n q x dx
Example
2
4 dy x y x y dx Solve the DE
Solution
1 2
4
q x p x
dy y x y dx x 1/2 n
1 2
u le y t
2 1 2 du u x dx x
2
1 2 ln 2ln 2
1 ( )
dx x x x
x e e e x
2 1
( ) ln 2 u x x x c
c dx x x x x u 2 1 1 ) (
2 2
1.
ydy dx ) 1 y ( x 2
- 2. sin x. sin y dx + cos x cos y dy
3.
dy ) e 4 ( dx ye
x 2 x 2
- 4. x cos y dx + tan y dy = 0
5.
x sin y . y tan
3 2
6.