hu huma man n ur urin ine e for or us use e as a ferti - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Me Metho thods ds for stab abil ilis ising ing and concen centrating trating hu huma man n ur urin ine e for

• r us

use e as a ferti ertili lizer zer

Mar arc c A. Boncz ncz

Edinéia L. Formagini, Felipe X.C. Arima, Paula L. Paulo

Introduction

• Agriculture in Brazil (and worldwide)
• Still growing (population and biofuels!)
• Growing dependency on mineral raw materials
• Wastewater Treatment
• Brazil: mainly UASB reactors
• world: often still insufficient nutrient removal

Intro: nutrients for agriculture

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 imports (%) Annual fertilizer sales in Brazil (MT) year

consumo annual importação

Intro: nutrients for agriculture

China 37.0% United States 14.9% Morocco and Western Sahara 14.8% Russia 5.7% Tunisia 4.3% Jordan 3.4% Brazil 3.1% Egypt 2.8% Other Countries 14.0% 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

1/'60 1/'70 1/'80 1/'90 1/'00 1/'10 1/'20 ano minério de fosfato ($/ton)

Introduction: potential of urine

• Quantity available much smaller than demand
• Higher demand in more densely populated areas

south southeast Center/west northeast norte

0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40 0,45 0,50 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Fertilizer sales (ton/ha) Population density (inhab./km2)

Main problem: instability of urea

• Urea hidrolysis:

H2N-CO-NH2 + H2O  2 NH3 + CO2 NH3 + H2O  NH4

+ + OH-

• Enzymatic process
• Faster at pH≈7
• Problems:
• Loss of Nitrogen
• Smell
• Increase of pH

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 vmax,hydrolysis (mmol.L-1.min-1) pH

Objectives

• stabilizing human urine for use as a

fertilizer

• Conservation of nutrients contained
• impeding mainly urea hydrolysis
• Volume reduction
• Reduction of transportation costs

Materials and Methods

• Fresh urine collection + characterization
• pH, TN, NH3, P, K, TS, VS, FS
• Addition of stabilizing compounds
• acids, NaOH, limestone, ashes or a mixture
• Determination of initial weight
• Storage in temperature controlled room or

greenhouse – with and without forced ventilation ( determination of evaporation)

• Parameters followed:
• Weight, TN, NH3, P, K, TS

Materials and Methods

Results: evaporation

• Slightly slower when compared to water
• Influenced mainly by the TS contents

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 5 10 15 20 25

Rateevap (g.d-1)

time (d)

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 10 20 30 40

Rateevap (g.d-1)

ambient temp. (oC)

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 10 20 30 40

Rateevap (g.d-1)

• Conc. factor

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 20 40 60 80 100

Rateevap (g.d-1)

• rel. humidity (%)

Results: hydrolysis

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

pH Time (days)

pH development during the experiments

1 - Urina 2 - H2SO4 3 - HCl 4 - HAc 5 - NaOH

Results: acid preservation

• 2,0
• 1,0

0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 16,0 18,0 20,0

pH tempo (d)

AS1 AS2 AS3 ASF AA1 AA2 AA3 AAF

acids: 0.065 ... 0.27 M

Results: nutrient recovery

• Nutrient recovery:
• Nitrogen – compatible to the capacity of the

maintenance of a high or low pH

• K mostly 100%
• Results for P are comparable to N

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% AS1 AS2 AS3 ASF AA1 AA2 AA3 AAF recovery (%) N P 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% U AS AC AA recovery (%) N P K

Conclusions

• It is possible to preserve the nutrients in the

urine by using acids or bases.

• Better results obtained with acids (lower

loss of nitrogen) and easier to implement (e.g. use of vinegar).

• For the case of bases, better results were
• btained by using limestone.

+ can be used to improve quality of soil

• Significant increase of the weight of produced

fertilizer

Tha hank nks s for

• r th

the e at atte tention ntion!

marc.boncz@ufms.br paula.paulo@ufms.br

Acknowledg knowledgments ments CNPq – project number 475650/2009-3