Marine Protected Areas Assessment of management effectiveness of MPA network as a measure for achieving GES for species and habitats in the Baltic Sea region Karsten Dahl Georg Martin Darius Daunys Jannica Haldin Aarhus University Estonian Marine Institute, Marine Research Institute, HELCOM Tartu University Klaipeda University
What is management effectiveness? Management effectiveness evaluation is the assessment of how well protected areas are protecting values and achieving goals and objectives. The management effectiveness reflects three main ‘themes’: design issues relating to both individual sites and networks; • adequacy and appropriateness of management systems and processes; and • delivery of protected area objectives including conservation of values. • From: Hockings, M., Stolton, S., Leverington, F., Dudley, N. and Courrau, J. (2006). Evaluating Effectiveness: A framework for assessing management effectiveness of protected areas. 2nd edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. xiv + 105 pp
General framework for assessing management effectiveness of MPA’s Evaluation criteria 1 – score X Evaluation criteria 2 – score X … 1. general framework developed by WCPA/IUCN; 2. applicable to the large network of sites, managed by and distributed across different countries; 3. possible to repeat many times, flexible enough to expand level of details. Evaluation criteria 3 – score X Evaluation criteria 4 – score X … Evaluation criteria 5 – score X Evaluation criteria 6 – score X … After: Hockings et al. 2006
Assessing management effectiveness of the Baltic MPA network: general concept of criteria Criteria 1: MPA management plan: is there a management measure addressing relevant human activity (i.e. Criteria 4: generating important pressure) on Has the management protected habitat type / species? measure positive effect on protected habitat / species? Criteria 3: Criteria 2: Is the management measure Is the management measure enforced (i.e. using implemented (i.e. administrative After: Hockings et al. 2006 administrative instruments action is taken to transfer and defined control management measure from the MP measures?) to the implementation?)
Assessing management effectiveness of the Baltic MPA network: general concept Contribution of MPA’s for achieving GES of species and habitats: how well human activities that generate pressures to important conservation features are managed in terms of measures inclusion into MP, their implementation and enforcement Management measure in MP Human activities Conservation feature implementation (pressures) enforcement
Assessing management effectiveness of the Baltic MPA network: general layout Example of questionnaire: General conclusions on MPA (Country/H-number) Pressures Habitats Area (km2) Eutrophication Trawling Dredging Gill net fishery … approach: Sandbanks 1110 15 1 2 4 1. There are no data sources with Estuaries 1130 2 1 3 ready information on all three Reefs 1170 3,5 4 4 4 stages of the ME -> MFSD habitats 4 4 questionnaire; Species Harboir poirpoise =MPA area 2 Long-tailed Ducks =MPA area 1 …………. =MPA area
Assessing management effectiveness of the Baltic MPA network: scoring Example of questionnaire: • Category 1: human activity NOT ADDRESSED by management MPA (Country/H-number) Pressures measure in the MP; Habitats Area (km2) Eutrophication Trawling Dredging Gill net fishery … Sandbanks 1110 15 1 2 4 • Category 2: human activity Estuaries 1130 2 1 3 ADDRESSED by management Reefs 1170 3,5 4 4 4 measure in the MP but NOT LEGALLY MFSD habitats 4 4 IMPLEMENTED; • Species Category 3 : human activity Harboir poirpoise =MPA area 2 ADDRESSED by management Long-tailed Ducks =MPA area 1 measure in the management plan, …………. =MPA area LEGALLY IMPLEMENTED BUT NOT LEGALLY ENFORCED; Human activities (pressures), that expert is assessing as relevant (based on expert judgement, scientific evidence, indirect information, etc.) for a given • Category 4: human activity conservation feature in the MPA, are scored. ADDRESSED by management measure in the MP, LEGALLY IMPLEMENTED AND ENFORCED.
Assessing management effectiveness of the Baltic MPA network: general layout Example of questionnaire: General conclusions on data: MPA (Country/H-number) Pressures 1. Network of nearly 900 Natura Habitats Area (km2) Eutrophication Trawling Dredging Gill net fishery … 2000 sites is too large to address Sandbanks 1110 15 1 2 4 Estuaries 1130 2 1 3 all MPA’s at the level of pressures Reefs 1170 3,5 4 4 4 -> subsample of MPA’s for MFSD habitats 4 4 analysis; Species Harboir poirpoise =MPA area 2 Long-tailed Ducks =MPA area 1 …………. =MPA area
Sub-sampling of MPA‘s for the analysis Total: 893 N2000 sites in EEA N2000 database (Dec. 2017) 1. With Management Plans (MP): 694 2. Lithuania - 1 (1 with marine part >50%); Latvia - 4 (2 with marine part >50%); Denmark – 6 MSFD sites Country Number of Number of N2000 sites with MP Sub-sampling based on proportion of N2000 Marine part >50% Marine part <50% N2000 sites sites per country with MP (marine part (>50%)/(<50%)) Sweden 448 250 198 114 (64/50) (64%) (56%) (44%) Denmark 105 86 19 40 (33/7) (15%) (82%) (18%) Finland 59 41 18 18 (12/6) (8%) (69%) (31%) Germany 41 30 19 14 (10/4) (7%) (73%) (27%) Estonia 37 28 9 12 (9/3) (5%) (72%) (28%) SUB-TOTAL 689 435 254 200+ 11 (+4 LV, 1 LT, + 6 DK MSFD sites) (63%) (37%) Systematic distribution of MPA’s from south-west to north-east •
Human activities - based on HELCOM SOM Platform shortlist of activities and pressures cross-linked with the list of pressures/activities/threats used in reporting for Habitats Directive Article 17; - altogether 26 human activities, grouped into 11 major groups; Theme of activity Activity Pressures Input of nutrients, disturbance to Cultivation of living resources Marine aquaculture, including infrastructure seabed, Input of nutrients Agriculture Input of nutrients Forestry Production of energy Land based non-renewable energy generation (fossil fuel Input of heat, hazardous substances …. and nuclear energy powerplants) Disturbance to seabed and species, Renewable energy generation (wind, wave and tidal … power), including infrastructure Transmission of electricity and communications (cables) Disturbance to seabed, input of energy and hazardous substances… Disturbance to seabed and species Physical restructuring of Watercourse modifications (e.g. coastal dams, large-scale coastline or seabed water deviation) Disturbance to seabed and species Coastal defense and flood protection (seawalls, etc.) Input of hazardous substances Urban and industrial uses Industrial use of oil and gas (industrial plants) Input of hazardous substances, Waste waters (urban and industrial) nutrients…
Selection of Human activities Theme of activity Activity Extraction of living resources Fish and shellfish harvesting (bottom-touching towed gears, professional, recreational) Fish harvesting (pelagic towed gears, stationary gears, professional, recreational) Marine plant harvesting Hunting and population control Extraction of non-living resources Extraction of minerals (rock, gravel, sand, shell) Extraction of oil and gas, including infrastructure (e.g. pipelines) Physical restructuring of seabed Offshore structures (bridges, tunnels, other than for oil/gas/renewables) Restructuring of seabed morphology (dredging, beach replenishment, land reclamation, deposition of dredged material) Tourism and leisure Tourism and leisure infrastructure (piers, marinas) Tourism and leisure activity (boating, diving etc. except fishing) Transport Transport infrastructure (harbours, ports) Transport – shipping (incl. anchoring, mooring, oil pollution) Security and defence Military operations (e.g. acoustic tracking) Military shooting areas Education and research Research, exploration (seismic activities)
Conservation features (1) Option I: We include all the HD Annex I Habitat types and sites appointed to fulfill obligations of MSFD; also HELCOM Red List species categorised as Endangered (EN) or Critically Endangered (CR) which ALSO are listed under BD or HD Annex II or V. – 17 conservation features Option II: We include all the HD Annex I Habitat types and sites appointed to fulfill obligations of MSFD; also HELCOM Red List species categorised as Endangered or Critically endangered which also are listed under BD or HD Annex II or V. > 29 conservation features HD Annex I Habitat types: 1. Sandbanks (1110) 2. Estuaries (1130) 3. Mudflats and sandflats (1140) 4. Coastal lagoons (1150) 5. Large shallow inlets and bays (1160) 6. Reefs (1170) 7. Submarine structures made by leaking gases (1180), all included 8. MSFD areas (6 sites, all included)
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