Mainstreaming Environment for Poverty Reduction Background - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Strategies for Pro-Poor Adaptation to Climate Change in Small Island Pacific Communities: Case Studies of Fiji and Solomon Islands Presentation by Mohiuddin Alamgir National Workshop, Honiara, November 4, 2011 National Workshop, Suva, November
Strategies for Pro-Poor Adaptation to Climate Change in Small Island Pacific Communities: Case Studies of Fiji and Solomon Islands Presentation by Mohiuddin Alamgir National Workshop, Honiara, November 4, 2011 National Workshop, Suva, November 9, 2011
Background Approach Framework Findings Planning framework Strategic framework
Fiji Islands – On way to Vunavutu: Coastal erosion and inundation
Poverty (Food Security)
Environment Climate change
Nabila coast
Community capability enhancement to meet climate change threat
Interaction and community mobilization Cooperation and integration Resilience Environment Poverty Climate change Mitigation Sustainability Adaptation Productivity loss Resource mobilization and investment Information and knowledge: objective reality and subjective perception
Dala village elders
Capability Approach
Working of the Capability Framework
Component Content Application to poverty, environment and climate change Functioning Current states and activities Reduced poverty, preservation of the environment and meeting the challenge of climate change Capability The presence of real opportunity to change the status quo, i.e., freedom to make choices to achieve valuable functionings Actions taken to enhance community capability to meet climate change threat: (i) interaction and community mobilization, (ii) information and knowledge gathering and technology transfer to fill the gap between objective reality and subjective perception, (iii) cooperation and integration, and (iv) resource mobilization and investment. Agency An agent acting to bring about change not necessarily to improve his or her personal well-being through Democratic deliberation Village elders, community leaders and environmental brigades working to protect common property resources, land, forest, coastal resources and inland water: : adaptation, mitigation, resilience and sustainability
Makira, Solomon Islands: Logging and landslide
Participatory poverty and climate change assessment Solomon Islands Four communities: 2 in Guadalcanal province and 1 each in Malaita and Makira provinces Fiji Islands Four communities: 3 in Viti Levu Island and 1 in Vanua Levu Island Criteria for community selection:
vs coast)
Community level activities Community level activity 1: Interactive dialogue with focus group and community members in town hall meeting Community level activity 2: Household survey based on structured questionnaire – randomly selected 50 households in each community Community level output Identification of poverty processes and mitigation measures Identification of climate change vulnerabilities and adaptation measures Client profile and vulnerabilities to poverty and climate change processes Identification of poverty and climate change interactive modalities National level
Planning Framework – Climate Proofed Strategic Framework – Climate Proofed Planning Framework Strategic Framework
Framework Study
Nailaga Vunavutu Nabila Korotari
Study locations
Dala Visale Nglimera Nukukaisi
Study locations
13
National Workshop Honiara and Suva
14
Fiji Team Solomon Team
Fiji Solomon Islands
Enumerator
Counterpart for Nailaga Village
Counterpart for Korotari Village
Counterpart for Visale and Nglimera villages
Counterpart for Korotari Village
Government Counterpart for Dala village
Counterpart for Vunavutu and Nabila Village Josef Hurutarau, Government counterpart for Kira Kira
counterpart for Korotari
Nukukaisi Nukukaisi
Population challenges: rapid growth, migration and
urbanization, unemployment
Economic challenges: erratic growth, fiscal stress,
inflation, external dependence
Policies, institutions and capacity: weak Poverty: Beyond hardship 25% of households Environment and climate change: natural disasters,
deforestation, erosion, salinity
Climate change threat: GHGs, SLR, temperature
increase, rainfall, cyclone, drought, floods
Impact of climate change: land loss, productivity
decline, loss of coastal and marine resource, disease
freshwater supply
Sea level rise - Nauru Coastal erosion - RMI Cyclone Percy – Cook Island Destruction of Taro by Percy – Cook Island Sea water intrusion on Taro - Palau
Damaged bridge in Malaita Forest debris accumulation in Makira Doma 2 Bridge damaged by flood in Guadalcanal
Climate change induced damage to infrastructures in Solomon Islands
Road collapses after heavy rain Timor Leste Road destroyed by flood Timor Leste Pavement erosion and collapsed edges Timor Leste
Climate change induced damage to infrastructures in Timor Leste
Climate Change Threat in the Pacific
Damaged bridge in Malaita Forest debris accumulation in Makira Doma 2 Bridge damaged by flood in Guadalcanal
Climate change induced damage to infrastructures in Solomon Islands
Road collapses after heavy rain Timor Leste Road destroyed by flood Timor Leste Pavement erosion and collapsed edges Timor Leste
Climate change induced damage to infrastructures in Timor Leste
Village People Population (number) Household Ethnic composition (%) Total Female Indigenous Fijian Indo-Fijian Part- European Melanesian Polynesian Total Fiji Vunavutu 400 240 51 95 5 100 Nabila 387 238 67 100 100 Nailaga 1200 840 90 100 100 Korotari 430 240 60 2 98 100 Total 2417 1558 268 % 64 Solomon Islands Visale 6000 3600 1000 100 Nglimera 150 90 18 100 100 Dala 1000 600 300 100 100 Nukukaisi 2000 900 330 100 100 Total 9150 5190 1648 100 % 57 Overall total 11567 6748 1916 % 58
Threats:
flooding soil erosion salt water intrusion access to land food insecurity lack of sanitation poverty hardship and social problems
Vunavutu has 101 hectares of agricultural land. Source of water is river. Total population is 400, number of households 51, 95% Indigenous Fijian.
solid waste burning crop loss
Threats:
decline of coastal resources loss of coral reefs soil erosion unemployment lack of sanitation poverty hardship and social problems
Nabila has 35 hectares of agricultural land. Source of water is spring. Total population is 387, number of households 67, all Indigenous Fijian.
Threats:
solid waste disposal soil erosion flooding lack of sanitation poverty hardship and social problems
Nailaga has 50 hectares of agricultural land. Source of water is river. Total population is 1200, number of households 90, all Indigenous Fijian.
Threats:
soil erosion land slide flooding loss of lives skin disease temperature change unemployment lack of sanitation poverty hardship and social problems
Korotari has 800 hectares of agricultural land. Source of water is river and spring. Total population is 430, number of households 60, 98% Indo-Fijian.
deforestation logging water pollution lack of drinking water crop loss
Threats:
soil erosion flooding sanitation problem declining fresh water supply sea level rise heavy rain logging increasing temperature poverty hardship and social problems
Visale has 690 hectares of agricultural land. Source of water is river stream. Total population is 6000, number of households 1000, all Melanesian.
Threats:
flooding soil erosion drought increasing temperature sanitation problems declining fresh water supply poor approach road forest debris yield decline hardship and social problems high water table poverty
Nglimera has only 19 hectares of agricultural land. Source of water is river. Total population is 150, number of households 18, all Melanesian.
Threats:
lack of sanitation cyclone intensity crop loss king tide poverty hardship and social problems
Land area of Dala is not known. Source of water is river. Total population is 1000, number of households 300, all Melanesian.
Threats:
flooding soil erosion land slides loss of top soil crop destruction high/king tides sea water intrusion temperature rise hardship and social problems coastal erosion poverty
Nukukaisi has 422 hectares of agricultural land. Source of water is river and stream. Total population is 2000, number of households 330, all Polynesian.
Source: TA6442 Field survey January-February 2011. Household survey.
350 400 373 226 762 813 307 458 342 586 466 1.69 2.52 2.14 1.59 3.92 4.24 1.66 2.64 1.99 3.16 2.6 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Monthly household income in US$ Per capita average daily household income (US$)
Village Adequacy Adequate (01) Inadequate (02) Just enough (03) Hardship (04) Fiji Vunavutu 2 Nabila 3 Nailaga 2 Korotari 4 Solomon Islands Visale 2 Nglimera 3 Dala 2 Nukukaisi 2
Source: TA6442 Field survey January-February 2011. Focus Group Discussion.
Village Poverty Level – Food poverty (%) Level – Basic needs poverty (%) Level – Hardship (%) What is the main problem, poverty (01) or hardship (02)? Is hunger an issue? yes (01) no (02) Fiji Vunavutu 50 80 100 2 2 Nabila 3 50 100 2 2 Nailaga 10 60 80 2 Korotari 100 2 2 Solomon Islands Visale 20 20 60 2 2 Nglimera 15 15 70 2 2 Dala 20 30 50 1 1 Nukukaisi 30 30 50 2 1
Area Poverty - How much Source: TA6442 Field survey January-February 2011. Focus Group Discussion.
Food and Basic Needs Poverty
Area/ Household type Percentage of households below Food poverty line Baisc Needs poverty line Fiji 32 43 Vunavutu % 28 44 Nabila % 24 30 Nailaga % 30 42 Korotari % (Indo-Fijian) 47 58 Households headed by men 30 42 Households headed by women 38 46 Households with landholding <3 hectare 32 42 Households with landholding ≥3 hectare 31 48 Solomon 31 39 Visale % 10 20 Nglimera % 20 26 Dala % 50 58 Nukukaisi % (Polynesian) 44 52 Households headed by men 31 41 Households headed by women 30 34 Households with landholding <3 hectare 24 35 Households with landholding ≥3 hectare 33 40 All 31 41 Households headed by men 31 41 Households headed by women 34 39 Households with landholding <3 hectare 30 40 Households with landholding ≥3 hectare 33 42
Source: TA6442 Field survey January-February 2011. Household survey. Monthly food poverty line (Income required to purchase minimum required 2100 calories of food) for Fiji = US$34.66. Monthly food poverty line (Income required to purchase minimum required 2100 calories of food) for Solomon Islands = US$37.68 Basic needs poverty line (Income needed to purchase minimum required 2100 calories of food and other basic needs at 30% of food) for Fiji= US$45.06 Basic needs poverty line (Income needed to purchase minimum required 2100 calories of food and other basic needs at 30% of food) for Solomon Islands = US$48.98 Income and consumption are calculated in equivalent US $ at 1 Fiji
dollar = US$0.54 and 1 Solomon dollar = US$0.14.
Food and Basic Needs Poverty by Area
Source: TA6442 Field survey January-February 2011. Household survey
28 24 30 47 10 20 50 44 32 31 31 44 30 42 58 20 26 58 52 43 39 41 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Food poverty line (%) Basic Needs poverty line(%)
32 30 38 31 31 30 31 31 34 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Fiji Male head Female head Solomon Islands Male head Female head All Male head Female head
Food poverty line (%)
Food poverty line (%) Source: TA6442 Field survey January-February 2011. Household survey
43 42 46 39 41 34 41 41 39 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Fiji Male head Female head Solomon Islands Male head Female head All Male head Female head
Basic Needs poverty line(%)
Basic Needs poverty line(%) Source: TA6442 Field survey January-February 2011. Household survey
Source: TA6442 Field survey January-February 2011. Household survey. 0.41 0.57 0.61 0.61 0.71 0.73 0.61 0.36 0.65 0.71 0.76 0.34 0.35 0.52 0.45 0.41 0.51 0.45 0.58 0.42 0.52 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Landholding Income
Area Limited land yes (01) no (02) Limited assets yes (01) no (02) Low productivity yes (01) no (02) Low wages yes (01) no (02) High prices yes (01) no (02) Social responsibility yes (01) no (02) Low educatio n yes (01) no (02) Sickness yes (01) no (02) Disability yes (01) no (02) No husband yes (01) no (02) Fiji 3 1 3 4 2 2 1 Solomon Islands 2 3 2 3 1 1 3 All 5 1 3 3 6 5 3 1 3 1 Area No adult male yes (01) no (02) Old age yes (01) no (02) Gambling, alcoholism, drug addiction yes (01) no (02) Remot eness yes (01) no (02) Isolation yes (01) no (02) No job yes (01) no (02) Other, specify yes (01) no (02) Fiji 2 3 Solomon Islands 1 3 1 1 All 3 3 4 1
Source: TA6442 Field survey January-February 2011. Focus Group Discussion Social Problems Area Fiji Solomon Islands Total Drug addiction 3 3 6 Teenage pregnancy 3 3 6 Alcoholism 1 4 5 Violence against women 2 3 5 Erosion of traditional values 2 3 5 Gambling 1 3 4 Burdensome social obligation 2 1 3 Ethnic relations 2 2 HIV AIDS 1 1 Migration 1 1 Crime and prostitution 1 1 Immigration
Village
Poverty Processes
Are the local economy growing slowly and the rich becoming richer and the poor poorer? Yes (01) No (02) Are local resources depleting rapidly and income and employment
shrinking? Yes (01) No (02) Is people’s access to land, skill, capital, services and infrastructure declining? Yes (01) No (02) Are degradation of the environment and climate change having damaging consequences for the local economy and individual households? Yes (01) No (02) Are traditional social values, safety net and harmony weakening? Yes (01) No (02) Fiji Vunavutu 1 1 1 1 1 Nabila 1 1 2 1 2 Nailaga 1 1 1 1 1 Korotari 1 1 1 1 2 Total 4 4 3 4 2 Solomon Islands Visale 2 1 1 1 1 Nglimera 2 2 2 1 1 Dala 1 1 1 1 1 Nukukaisi 1 1 1 1 1 Total 2 3 3 4 4 Overall total 6 7 6 8 6
Source: TA6442 Field survey January-February 2011. Focus Group Discussion. Note: Total represents number of communities indicating yes.
Village Environmental issues Rapid deforestation Forest debris accumulation Soil erosion Loss of coastal resources Salinity Loss of biodiversity Water pollution Fiji Vunavutu 1 1 1 Nabila 1 1 Nailaga 1 1 1 Korotari 1 1 1 Total 1 3 2 2 3 Solomon Islands Visale 1 1 1 1 1 Nglimera 1 1 Dala 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Nukukaisi 1 1 1 1 1 Total 3 4 4 3 1 1 3 Overall total 3 5 7 5 3 1 6
Source: TA6442 Field survey January-February 2011. Focus Group Discussion. Note: Total represents number of communities saying yes.
Area What are the climate change challenges in the area? yes (01) no (02) Temperature increase Increase in cyclone frequency and intensity Changing rainfall patterns and increased intensity Floods Soil erosion Yield decline Loss of property and infrastructures Fiji 4 3 4 3 3 2 1 Solomon Islands 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 Overall total 8 7 7 7 6 5 5 Area What are the climate change challenges in the area? yes (01) no (02) Sea water inundation Drought Salt water intrusion Coastal erosion Coral reef loss Sea level rise Storm surge, high/king waves Fiji 1 4 1 1 1 1 2 Solomon Islands 3 3 3 3 3 1 Overall total 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 .
Community Perceived Climate Change Challenges
Source: Community Dialogue Note: Data represents the number of communities saying yes
Area
How is climate change accentuating the poverty situation? yes (01) no (02)
Loss of income Loss of marine resources Loss of land Loss of land fertility Damage to infrastructure Yield decline Commercial logging and debris Fiji 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 Solomon Islands 4 3 2 2 3 3 3 Overall total 8 6 5 5 5 5 4 Area What are the climate change challenges in the area? yes (01) no (02) Loss of employment Damage to housing and business Diseases Fiji 2 1 Solomon Islands 1 2 Overall total 2 2 2
Community Perceived Climate Change Impact on Poverty
Source: Community Dialogue Note: Data represents the number of communities saying yes
Community Recommended Adaptation Measures
Adaptation Measures Area Fiji Solomon Islands Total Better road 4 3 7 Improved access to finance 4 3 7 Better road related structures 3 3 6 Flood control 3 3 6 Erosion control measures 3 2 5 Debris management 2 3 5 Secure access to land 3 2 5 Improved drainage 1 3 4 Conservation of marine resources 2 2 4 Improved management of common property resources 2 2 4 Better housing 3 3 Reforestation 1 2 3 Rationalization of agricultural practices 1 2 3 Change of cropping pattern 3 3 Logging control 2 2 Improved land management 2 2 Knowledge building 2 2 Realigned roads 1 1 Rationalization of urban settlements Improved O & M
Note: Data represents the number of communities saying yes. Relocation option not considered though it may be necessary.
Poverty, hardship, hunger, environment and climate change:
Community response is varied Rely on relatives and community in
Fiji
Rely on own efforts and community in
Solomon
Much less reliance on government
which is perceived as not delivering
Adaptation Planning Framework for small islands Communities
Ensure consistency with National Development Strategic Framework
Children of Nglimera
Strategic framework for climate resilient investment and capacity building in small island communities
Three pronged approach recommended:
Take back information to communities studied and work out
implications for community level institutions for information gathering, assessment, planning and monitoring
Work out details of planning and strategic framework linking
these with the National Development Strategic Framework
Articulate national climate change policy and make national
development planning, national budget, projects and programs climate-proofed
Workshop Group Photo: King Solomon Hotel, Honiara, November 4, 2011
Workshop Group Photo: Novotel Hotel, Suva, November 9, 2011
Fiji Team on Sigatoka Sand Dune