Magnetic Materials in Sustainable Energy Oliver Gutfleisch Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, IFW Dresden, Germany from 01.02.2012 @ Technical University of Darmstadt AND Fraunhofer Group Substitutional Materials Hanau Materials for Energy Applications � Magnetism and Energy: � � Permanent magnets for E-mobility and wind turbines � Rare earth metals, recycling � Magnetocaloric materials for novel refrigeration technology Description of structure, dynamics of phase transitions � and function on all length scales Adv. Mat. (Review) 23 (2011) 821-842 O. Gutfleisch EU_JAPAN Expert � s workshop on Critical Metals 21-11-2011 Magnetic Materials in Sustainable Energy
Renewable Energy is intermittent in nature CONVERSION of WWS RESIDENTIAL DAY - NIGHT CYCLE Heat I STORAGE DAY MOBILITY SEASONAL CYCLE Work I I TRANSPORT YEAR DAY/WEEK Geographical ENERGY INDUSTRY DISTRIBUTION of WWS Heat & Work CONVERSION into … I LATITUDE adapted from A. Züttel O. Gutfleisch EU_JAPAN Expert � s workshop on Critical Metals 21-11-2011 Magnetic Materials in Sustainable Energy
Materials for sustainable energy commodity materials useful disposible fuels heat work gas CH 4 oil CH 2 coal CH 0.8 combustion sunlight electricity wind biofuel useful water hydrogen work geothermal chemical fuel biomass Direct conversion material + chemistry BUT: critical metals ultra-small and -fast modelling nano-science complex materials O. Gutfleisch EU_JAPAN Expert � s workshop on Critical Metals 21-11-2011 Magnetic Materials in Sustainable Energy
NUCLEAR ENERGY CARRIERS fusion CHEMICAL 100000 coal fission ELECTROCHEMICAL 10000 Energy density [kWh/m3] hydrides INERTIA 3 hydrogen NH 3 storage oil biomass 1000 ultimate flywheel battery Li-ion battery 100 ELECTROSTATIC hot Pb-acid natural gas mag. coil water battery 10 GRAVITATION hydro- comp. air EDLC hydrogen power 1 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 Energy density [kWh/kg] capacitor O. Gutfleisch EU_JAPAN Expert � s workshop on Critical Metals 21-11-2011 Magnetic Materials in Sustainable Energy A. Züttel et al. , Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A (2010)
Permanent magnets for e-mobility and wind turbines raw materials recycling thermomechanical treatment stability Characterisation with simulation atomic resolution magnetic interaction microstructure texture grain boundary engineering O. Gutfleisch EU_JAPAN Expert � s workshop on Critical Metals 21-11-2011 Magnetic Materials in Sustainable Energy
Intrinsic and extrinsic magnetic properties ⇒ microstructure intrinsic extrinsic + properties properties 100µm > l > 1nm saturation polarisation, J s remanence, J r ↔ fit µ-magnetic anisotropy field, H a length scales coercivity, H c Curie temperature, T C energy density, (BH) max δ δ w compound T C , K � 0 M s , T K 1 , MJ/m 3 d c , nm δ δ Nd 2 Fe 14 B 585 1.60 5 214 4 J or B SmCo 5 993 1.05 17 1700 3.7 J r or B r Sm 2 Co 17 1100 1.30 3.3 490 8.6 α -Fe 1043 2.16 0.046* 7 30 H c d c : critical single-domain particle size δ w : domain wall width δ δ δ H c δ w δ δ δ J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 33 (2000) R157-R172 O. Gutfleisch EU_JAPAN Expert � s workshop on Critical Metals 21-11-2011 Magnetic Materials in Sustainable Energy
Sintered NdFeB magnets for electro motors � Design light-weight, high torque-to-weight ratio motors , using permanent magnets with adequate temperature stability � torque scales linearly with remanence � � � Courtesy: Toyota Motor Corporation Adv. Mat. (Review) 23 (2011) 821-842 O. Gutfleisch EU_JAPAN Expert � s workshop on Critical Metals 21-11-2011 Magnetic Materials in Sustainable Energy
Texture in NdFeB sintered magnets Nd 2 Fe 14 B 1,5 1,0 0,5 polarisation J (T) Nd Fe B 0,0 -0,5 -1,0 -1,5 -4 -2 0 2 4 5µm applied field µ 0 H (T) macrotexture ↔ microtexture magnetic measurements ↔ Kerr microscopy O. Gutfleisch EU_JAPAN Expert � s workshop on Critical Metals 21-11-2011 Magnetic Materials in Sustainable Energy
Magnetisation reversal in sintered NdFeB the weak link �� ��� �� � � � � η � ���� �� � � � �� � �� �� � (Φ) 200 nm �������� 5µm crystalline or amorphous ������������� ����� metallic or oxidic Nucleation-type magnet FM or PM microchemistry, structural defects continuous or discontinuous Perfect materials: Defects : Coherent rotation Nucleation + propagation K K activation H volume efficient use of Dy by H c << H A H c = H A grain boundary diffussion process coating O. Gutfleisch EU_JAPAN Expert � s workshop on Critical Metals 21-11-2011 Magnetic Materials in Sustainable Energy
Multiscale characterisation III 1Å resolution by C s aberration corrected HRTEM Simulated image Real image Atom model Nd Fe B Nd 2 Fe 14 B <001> Nd 2 Fe 14 B <001> Fe, Nd, B - Nd 2 Fe 14 B, zone axis: <1-40> 10 Å Sample thickness: 15 nm O. Gutfleisch EU_JAPAN Expert � s workshop on Critical Metals 21-11-2011 Magnetic Materials in Sustainable Energy
Atomistic simulation of Nd-rich phase / Nd 2 Fe 14 B interface Fourier enhanced HR-image [120] Nd 2 O 3 -hP5 [210] [110] Nd 2 Fe 14 B Magnetoelastic anisotropy as function of distance for Nd 2 Fe 14 B (100) surface cut, c-axis parallel Distorted [1-10] to interface to a fcc Nd (011) region surface, the plane orientation is in respect to the interface. Inset: Top layer is the fcc Nd rich phase, bottom layer is the Nd 2 Fe 14 B phase. � Thickness of region with reduced anisotropy varies with phase and orientation � � � Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 (2010) 232511, cooperation Uni Sheffield O. Gutfleisch EU_JAPAN Expert � s workshop on Critical Metals 21-11-2011 Magnetic Materials in Sustainable Energy
Permanent Magnet Growth The motor/generator in a hybrid electric vehicle � contains 2 kg of NdFeB . This application is set to grow to between 10million and 20million vehicles by 2018. (now: 2.5 out of 850 million vehicles are hybrids worldwide) New designs of wind generators use NdFeB magnets � at a rate of ~700 kg per mega-watt . This application alone has potential to increase RE demand by 25% per year above current production. Hard disc drives cannot function without RE permanent � magnets. Formerly 70% of the NdFeB market this is now diluted by the other major applications. World production of sintered NdFeB in 2011: ~100.000 t � Solid state energy efficient cooling: Magnetocalorics � O. Gutfleisch EU_JAPAN Expert � s workshop on Critical Metals 21-11-2011 Magnetic Materials in Sustainable Energy
Installed wind power doubles every three years… References in Adv. Mat. (Review) 23 (2011) 821-842 O. Gutfleisch EU_JAPAN Expert � s workshop on Critical Metals 21-11-2011 Magnetic Materials in Sustainable Energy
Rare Earth Minerals Science News, August 27, 2011 O. Gutfleisch EU_JAPAN Expert � s workshop on Critical Metals 21-11-2011 Magnetic Materials in Sustainable Energy
Rare Earth Elements in Automotive Science News, August 27, 2011 O. Gutfleisch EU_JAPAN Expert � s workshop on Critical Metals 21-11-2011 Magnetic Materials in Sustainable Energy
Rare earth oxides in China Dy, 0.01% Er, 0.01% Eu, 0.20% Gd, 0.70% Tb, 0.01% Y, 0.20% Ho-Tm-Yb-Lu, Sm, 1.20% 0.80% Nd, 16.70% Baotou & Shandong: La, 25.00% Light RE Pr, 5.10% Sichuan Area: Light RE Baotou Southern Bastnasite China: Heavy RE Ce, 50.07% Ho-Tm-Yb-Lu, Y, 20.00% Er, 1.80% 0.00% La, 30.40% Dy, 3.60% Tb, 0.60% Ce, 1.90% Gd, 4.80% Eu, 0.70% Pr, 6.60% Sm, 5.20% Southern Clay Nd, 24.40% O. Gutfleisch EU_JAPAN Expert � s workshop on Critical Metals 21-11-2011 Magnetic Materials in Sustainable Energy
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