SLIDE 1 Linux, PCs and Energy Efficiency
Implications for Linux Developers, OEMs, and IHVs
Tom Bolioli, Terra Novum, LLC
SLIDE 2 Agenda Agenda
Demand for Energy-
Efficient Electronics
- ENERGY STAR Program Overview
ENERGY STAR Program Overview
- ENERGY STAR Specifications
ENERGY STAR Specifications
- Mobile and other Consumer Electronics
Mobile and other Consumer Electronics
Computers
Servers
Linux and ENERGY STAR
- Implications for Developers
Implications for Developers
- Additional implications for OEMs and IHVs
Additional implications for OEMs and IHVs
SLIDE 3 Demand for Energy Demand for Energy-
Efficient Electronics Electronics
Sharply higher energy costs Sharply higher energy costs Growing enterprise focus on IT cost savings Growing enterprise focus on IT cost savings
- pportunities
- pportunities
Proliferation of consumer electronics in the Proliferation of consumer electronics in the home, and a growing awareness of their energy home, and a growing awareness of their energy use (~15% of home energy costs) use (~15% of home energy costs) Extending battery life for mobile Extending battery life for mobile Government purchasing guidelines Government purchasing guidelines
SLIDE 4 Demand for Energy Demand for Energy-
Efficient PCs
Upwards of 15% of all IT purchases are mandated Upwards of 15% of all IT purchases are mandated to be ENERGY STAR to be ENERGY STAR Government procurement rules in the USA Government procurement rules in the USA
Energy Policy Act of 2005 requires federal agencies to Energy Policy Act of 2005 requires federal agencies to buy ENERGY STAR products buy ENERGY STAR products Executive Order 13423 requires federal agencies to Executive Order 13423 requires federal agencies to enable ENERGY STAR enable ENERGY STAR “ “sleep sleep” ” features features
Applies to both monitors and computers Applies to both monitors and computers
State and local governments are adopting the same State and local governments are adopting the same requirements requirements European Union and other international European Union and other international governments have similar requirements governments have similar requirements
SLIDE 5 Computer and Monitor Power Consumption
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 20 40 60 80 Power in Watts Year Power Use of Computers Power Use of Monitors
Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CCAP (Climate Change Action Plan) Model data, 2006; The Cadmus Group, Inc. unpublished data, 2007
SLIDE 6 ENERGY STAR Program
National symbol of energy efficiency
ENERGY STAR-labeled products use less energy, save money and help protect the environment The ENERGY STAR label makes it easy for consumers and businesses to identify high-quality, energy-efficient products
Products meet strict energy performance criteria set by EPA or DOE
Criteria are detailed in “Specifications”
Voluntary program
Partners with over 7,000 organizations Primary Message: “Ask for the ENERGY STAR” Primary Message: “Ask for the ENERGY STAR”
SLIDE 7
Products categories with specific ENERGY STAR criteria
Copiers, fax machines Cordless Phones Digital-to-Analog Converter Boxes (DTAs) DVD Products Home Audio Printers, scanners, all-in-ones Set-Top-Boxes (Cable, Satellite, DVRs, IP TV) Televisions
SLIDE 8
ENERGY STAR specs for External Power Supplies and Battery Chargers
Covers consumer electronics products such as
Cell phones/PDAs Digital cameras/camcorders Networking equipment Personal audio/video players & misc. consumer electronics Power tools
Power supplies must meet active efficiency and no load power specifications Battery chargers must meet over overall energy performance criteria
SLIDE 9 ENERGY STAR Computer Specification
Helps buyers identify energy-efficient computers Sets wattage limits for a variety of PC configurations Requires manufacturers to test and self-certify PC models Why a new ENERGY STAR spec?
High adoption rate of version 3.0 Increase in the number of computers and the number of hours in use calls for a more rigorous spec Shifts focus from standby/sleep power to overall energy use
Timing
Version 4 Requirements - effective July 20, 2007 Version 5 Requirements - effective July 2009
SLIDE 10 ENERGY STAR Computer Spec: ENERGY STAR Computer Spec: What What’ ’s Covered s Covered
Covered products: Covered products:
Desktops Desktops Workstations Workstations Mobile PCs Mobile PCs Desktop Desktop-
- derived servers (small tower form factor)
derived servers (small tower form factor)
Products not covered: Products not covered:
Mid Mid-
- range and large servers (Covered in server spec)
range and large servers (Covered in server spec) Thin clients/blade PCs (Covered in v5) Thin clients/blade PCs (Covered in v5) Handhelds and PDAs Handhelds and PDAs
SLIDE 11
ENERGY STAR Computer Spec: What’s New
Lowers previous power consumption requirements for “sleep” Introduces requirements for idle power consumption
Version 5 will add in energy from active workload (above idle) and then base requirements on annualized energy budget
Sets efficiency requirements for power supplies Requires power management and wake-on-LAN features to be enabled Sets labeling and marketing requirements
SLIDE 12 Computer Power Management Requirements
Manufacturers must ship desktops, notebooks, and workstations with power management settings enabled
Display enters low power mode after 15 min of inactivity Computer goes into low power mode after 30 min
Why power management features?
Up to $100 annual savings per computer Example: GE is saving $6.5 million
All products shipped through enterprise channels must have wake-on-LAN enabled Why Wake-on-LAN?
Allows enterprises that require access to sleeping PCs to wake them from sleep states
SLIDE 13
Labeling and Marketing Requirements
Place ENERGY STAR label on product and packaging, product literature, and internet site Work with VARs to ensure products remain in compliance Educate customers about energy savings & environmental benefits
SLIDE 14
How is How is “ “idle idle” ” measured? measured?
System configured as shipped System configured as shipped
Includes OEM software preload Includes OEM software preload
No applications open No applications open Power measured 10 minutes after boot Power measured 10 minutes after boot Test procedure detailed in specification Test procedure detailed in specification
SLIDE 15 Preview: ENERGY STAR Computer Specification Version 5
The desktop test procedure will be based on a benchmark workload called “EEcoMark™”
BAPCo (makers of MobileMark™ and SysMark™) developing the EEcoMarkbenchmark
Workstation workload will be based on a benchmark from SPEC
SPEC has developed SPECviewperf, SPECcpu, and
Idle still likely to play a major role ENERGY STAR will likely use the performance and energy numbers in some way to set acceptable power levels
SLIDE 16 Preview: ENERGY STAR Server Specification
EPA Report to Congress identified a need for equipment metrics Potential Criteria for Tier 1 (near term)
Power supply efficiency Idle or other low power requirements Standardized/consistent reporting of performance Virtualization and/or power management Access to power and temperature data (i.e., standardized Ethernet protocol)
Potential Criteria for Tier 2 (longer term)
Energy and performance metric (e.g., performance/watt) Industry efforts underway to develop performance benchmarks that include energy measurements
SLIDE 17 Preview: ENERGY STAR Server Preview: ENERGY STAR Server Specification Specification cont. cont.
Servers covered under EU Servers covered under EU-
US Agreement
ENERGY STAR server specification proposed as ENERGY STAR server specification proposed as requirement in data center Code of Conduct (final requirement in data center Code of Conduct (final expected in April 2008) expected in April 2008)
Server specification timeline Server specification timeline
February February – – Draft 1 released; April Draft 1 released; April – – webinar; May webinar; May – – Draft 2 released; June Draft 2 released; June – – stakeholder meeting; July stakeholder meeting; July – – Draft 3 released; September Draft 3 released; September – – Final Draft Final Draft released; October released; October – – final spec final spec
EPA also interested in storage equipment, EPA also interested in storage equipment, networking equipment, and uninterruptible networking equipment, and uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) power supplies (UPS)
Industry discussions initiated Industry discussions initiated Potential ENERGY STAR development in FY 2009 Potential ENERGY STAR development in FY 2009
SLIDE 18
Energy Efficiency for Linux Energy Efficiency for Linux Developers Developers
SLIDE 19 What do we mean by “energy efficient”?
Use power more efficiently during periods of activity Use as little power as possible when not active Components/devices should drop into low power modes as often and as deep as possible
This is what the ENERGY STAR Computer Spec will ultimately reward This is what the ENERGY STAR Computer Spec will ultimately reward
SLIDE 20 Power Profile of Active Workload Power Profile of Active Workload
Idle is Overhead!
SLIDE 21
Current State of CPU/Device PM Current State of CPU/Device PM
Intel Intel
Most CPU PM (DBS) is hardware managed with Most CPU PM (DBS) is hardware managed with software software “ “hinting hinting” ” Device PM still needs to be done in OS Device PM still needs to be done in OS
AMD AMD
Cool & Quiet is software/OS managed using ACPI Cool & Quiet is software/OS managed using ACPI AMD has provided Linux kernel support for CPU PM AMD has provided Linux kernel support for CPU PM Device PM still needs to be supported in OS Device PM still needs to be supported in OS
VIA VIA
C7 and Isaiah is is hardware managed with software C7 and Isaiah is is hardware managed with software “ “hinting hinting” ” Device PM in the OS Device PM in the OS
SLIDE 22
Ex; Desktop Platform Power Budget Ex; Desktop Platform Power Budget
SLIDE 23
Driving Down Idle Driving Down Idle
Driving down idle power requires more device Driving down idle power requires more device support support There is little left in the CPU proper to gain There is little left in the CPU proper to gain The platform and peripherals is the next horizon The platform and peripherals is the next horizon
PCI devices PCI devices Graphics Graphics Chip Sets Chip Sets Other Other… …
To get there in PCs and servers, full ACPI To get there in PCs and servers, full ACPI support is the key in the near future support is the key in the near future
SLIDE 24 Active State PM Considerations Active State PM Considerations
Kernel Developers Kernel Developers
Support processor performance (ACPI P) states Support processor performance (ACPI P) states Support processor idle (ACPI C) states Support processor idle (ACPI C) states
Even on desktop, workstation and server systems Even on desktop, workstation and server systems
Device Driver Developers Device Driver Developers
Support Device Power (ACPI D) states Support Device Power (ACPI D) states Support selective suspend functionality for USB Support selective suspend functionality for USB devices devices
Get rid of hardware polling loops Get rid of hardware polling loops – – They keep the CPU and They keep the CPU and associated sub associated sub-
- systems from staying in low power states
systems from staying in low power states
ENERGY STAR Computer Spec Version 5 will ENERGY STAR Computer Spec Version 5 will take active power take active power --
above idle levels --
into account account
SLIDE 25
Implementing Sleep/Suspend Implementing Sleep/Suspend
Manageability Manageability
Easiest when system is active (S0) Easiest when system is active (S0) Hardest when system is inactive (S5) Hardest when system is inactive (S5) System in S3 state can be manageable but System in S3 state can be manageable but infrastructure needs to be in place infrastructure needs to be in place
Stability Stability
Stability problems in S state transitions will sour the Stability problems in S state transitions will sour the user base user base
SLIDE 26
Linux OS considerations Linux OS considerations
Applications need to be designed to not defeat Applications need to be designed to not defeat power management power management Provide a unified power management Provide a unified power management framework for applications and device drivers to framework for applications and device drivers to tie into tie into Best practices need to be developed and Best practices need to be developed and promoted promoted
Great focus on the Linux UI in the last few years and Great focus on the Linux UI in the last few years and the result has been great the result has been great Is PM sexy enough to get that level of attention? Is PM sexy enough to get that level of attention?
Develop for desktops like they are laptops Develop for desktops like they are laptops
SLIDE 27 Implications for OEM/ODMs Implications for OEM/ODMs
Review the spec Review the spec Buy and integrate devices that have best Buy and integrate devices that have best-
in-
- class power management technologies
class power management technologies
Run Run-
time idle Device performance specs Device performance specs Validate selective suspend functionality for USB Validate selective suspend functionality for USB devices devices
Validate sleep transition reliability and Validate sleep transition reliability and performance performance
Pay close attention to resume performance Pay close attention to resume performance
Test preload with a power meter and consider Test preload with a power meter and consider adjusting for energy efficiency adjusting for energy efficiency
SLIDE 28 Implications for IHVs Implications for IHVs
Test your device with the active/idle requirements Test your device with the active/idle requirements
Pay special attention to low power mode transitions Pay special attention to low power mode transitions
Use power Use power-
- efficient hardware components
efficient hardware components Implement run Implement run-
- time idle power management (D
time idle power management (D States) States)
E.g., disable yourself automatically when there is no E.g., disable yourself automatically when there is no device activity device activity
Design and implement performance states to scale Design and implement performance states to scale power consumption on demand power consumption on demand
E.g., scale graphics power consumption based on current E.g., scale graphics power consumption based on current workload environment workload environment
SLIDE 29
Ask not, what you can do Ask not, what you can do… …
What can EPA/ENERGY STAR do to assist the What can EPA/ENERGY STAR do to assist the Linux community? Linux community? How can EPA/ENERGY STAR make it easier How can EPA/ENERGY STAR make it easier for the Linux community to participate? for the Linux community to participate?
SLIDE 30 Take Aways Take Aways
Recognize that demand for energy efficient Recognize that demand for energy efficient electronics is increasing electronics is increasing Developing a community resource for power Developing a community resource for power management that covers management that covers… …
detailed ACPI data detailed ACPI data API information API information best practices best practices
Understand how well Understand how well-
designed devices and configurations can save energy configurations can save energy Test using a power meter and ENERGY STAR Test using a power meter and ENERGY STAR test procedures test procedures
SLIDE 31 Additional Resources
Web resources
ENERGY STAR Computer Spec v 4.0
www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=revisions.computer_spec
ENERGY STAR enterprise server specification in development
www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=new_specs.enterprise_servers
Other ENERGY STAR product specifications
www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.
Computer power management
www.energystar.gov/powermanagement
Contact information
Katharine Kaplan, EPA/ENERGY STAR
kaplan.katharine@epa.gov
Steve Ryan, EPA/ENERGY STAR
Ryan.Steven@epamail.epa.gov
Tom Bolioli, Terra Novum, LLC
tbolioli@terranovum.com
