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learned from the astronomy and earth exploration communities in - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Session 2A. The needs of passive spectrum users and the lessons learned from the astronomy and earth exploration communities in terms of spectrum sharing. Moderator: Sandra Cruz-Pol Oct 19, 2015 RF Spectrum definition Its the range of

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Session 2A. The needs of passive spectrum users and the lessons learned from the astronomy and earth exploration communities in terms of spectrum sharing. Moderator: Sandra Cruz-Pol

Oct 19, 2015

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RF Spectrum definition

  • It’s the range of frequencies of em waves

Between 3kHz-3THz

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How do we choose f ?

Many factors: antenna size, available technology, cost,.. but mainly:

  • Atmospheric attenuation
  • Physical properties of EM waves vary with

frequency

– Resonant molecules, – Sensitivity to Earth parameters,

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Atmospheric Attenuation

Due to resonance with several molecules

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Atmospheric Attenuation

In general, attenuation increases as frequency increases . Price also increases but antenna size is smaller.

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Sensitivity of f

  • The physical parameters we want to

measure, need to use specific frequency,

  • ex. Salinity, water, …
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Astronomical Spectral Lines and Continuum

Doppler Shift Needed to study quasars, black holes, CMB (Big Bang), dark matter, planets…

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Passive surviving in an active world

Passive-

  • only Rx

Active

  • Tx & Rx
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RFI

Passive

Passive

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Did you know that

Katrina

(Passive Microwave Satellite)

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1979 1987

2003 2004 SMMR AMSR-E

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Arecibo Observatory

Radar only 30% of time Passive ~70% of time Frequencies- 13.36MHz-10.6GHz 3 Tx with eirp [effective isotropic radiated powers] =300 MW at 47 MHz =2.5 TW at 430 MHz =20 TW at 2.38 GHz Rx Sensitivity=

  • 250 dBW/m2/Hz

1 jansky = 1 Jy ≡ 10-26 W/m2/Hz

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Occurrence of RFI versus frequency by month for Arecibo

http://www.naic.edu/~phil/rfi/rms.html

Jan-Sept 2014

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Radar from hilltop monitor

  • Compare radar frequency usage:
  • Top: 29may09 pre CARSR, pre PuntaSalinas upgrage
  • middle:27apr15:CARSR, new puntaSalinas (modeA)
  • Bottom:14oct15:CARSR, new puntaSalinas, all chan.
  • Punta Salinas coordination sometimes fails:
  • Dec 2014: mode A when AO uses lband
  • July 2014: not going to modeA
  • Had trouble with their radar. Jul,Aug14
  • This was pre 100 channel mode.
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  • 300 1 sec integrations with alfa receiver
  • 1220 to 1390 MHz band.
  • Telescope sitting, sky drifting.
  • Dynamic spectrum (flattened by median)
  • Image shows:
  • Radars, 12 sec rotation periods
  • IQ image of aerostat
  • GPS L2, glonass, probably Galileo

1227M-L2-satellite 1245M-Glonass 1265-70 Galileo/ Chinnesse Compass sat.

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http://www.fcc.gov/encyclopedia/weather- radar-interference-enforcement You can get $25,000 bill from FCC if you are using an illegal frequency. Click to see examples

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Most vulnerable to RFI

Other NSF funded facilities

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Most vulnerable to RFI

ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter / submillimeter Array ) is the largest radio telescope in the world. It was officially put into operation on 13 March 2013 scientific observations take place, however since October 2011. In June 2014 was erected the last of 66 planned antennas. They are used as interferometer for millimeter-wave and submillimeter used. Measures noise-like signals from galaxies far away… Up to 720GHz in Chile. Other NSF funded facilities

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  • ITU Formed: 1865 ---1st int’l body! (UN in 1945)
  • U.S. is special Case:
  • Federal-NTIA
  • assignments
  • NonFed-FCC
  • licenses

U.N. – ITU

(Intl Telecomm. Union)

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U.S. Postal Service Commerce VA BBG DHS Transportation State Energy Agriculture Navy FCC (Liaison) Air Force FAA Coast Guard Treasury Justice Interior NASA NSF Chair (NTIA) Army

Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee (IRAC)

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List of the RF services abbreviations

Abbreviations Radio services RR definition

AMS

aeronautical mobile service

  • No. 1.32

AM(R)S

aeronautical mobile (route) service

  • No. 1.33

AMSS

aeronautical mobile-satellite service

  • No. 1.35

AMS(R)S

aeronautical mobile-satellite (route) service

  • No. 1.36

ARNS

aeronautical radionavigation service

  • No. 1.46

ARNSS

aeronautical radionavigation-satellite service

  • No. 1.47

AS

amateur service

  • No. 1.56

ASS

amateur-satellite service

  • No. 1.57

BS

broadcasting service

  • No. 1.38

BSS

broadcasting-satellite service

  • No. 1.39

EESS

Earth exploration-satellite service

  • No. 1.51

FS

fixed service

  • No. 1.20

FSS

fixed-satellite service

  • No. 1.21

ISS

inter-satellite service

  • No. 1.22

LMS

land mobile service

  • No. 1.26

LMSS

land mobile-satellite service

  • No. 1.27

MetAids

meteorological aids service

  • No. 1.50
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List of the RF services abbreviations

Abbreviations Radio services RR definition

MetSat

meteorological-satellite service

  • No. 1.52

MMS

maritime mobile service

  • No. 1.28

MMSS

maritime mobile-satellite service

  • No. 1.29

MRNS

maritime radionavigation service

  • No. 1.44

MRNSS

maritime radionavigation-satellite service

  • No. 1.45

MS

mobile service

  • No. 1.24

MSS

mobile-satellite service

  • No. 1.25

RAS

radio astronomy service

  • No. 1.58

RDS

radiodetermination service

  • No. 1.40

RDSS

radiodetermination-satellite service

  • No. 1.41

RLS

radiolocation service

  • No. 1.48

RLSS

radiolocation-satellite service

  • No. 1.49

RNS

radionavigation service

  • No. 1.42

RNSS

radionavigation-satellite service

  • No. 1.43

SOS

space operation service

  • No. 1.23

SRS

space research service

  • No. 1.55
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“The Red Book”

  • Manual Of Regulations And

Procedures For Federal Radio Frequency Management

– 2013 Edition May 2013

  • 800+ pages
  • “Living” document –constantly

changing

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“The Red Book”

Note: some are in lowercase some in Capital letters.

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Did you know that

MOU -Coordination

Objects under Study (e.g. Pulsars, sunspots, galaxy) …far, far Away Active sensor Tx (radar) Passive sensor Rx (Radiometer) Arecibo Observatory

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PR Map

Radar surveillance for drug traffic sea vessels

22 o 22 o

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World Radiocommunication Conference

WRC

 Updates the Radio Regulations (treaty status)

  • Spectrum Allocation
  • Coordination and Notification procedures
  • Administrative and operational procedures

 Adopts Resolutions  Held every 3-4 years

WRC RR

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WRC Agenda Items… examples

  • AI-1.1 Considers allocations for mobile (IMT) in several

bands of interest to NSF such as 1330-1400 MHz used for HI extragalactic detection.

  • AI-1.12 Considers extending EESS to X-band which may

impact other services.

  • AI-1.17 Considers allocations for WAIC consideration of

22GHz, 50-60 GHz & 2.7 GHz

  • AI-1.18 Vehicle anti-collision radars- in 77.5-76GHz.
  • AI-1.10 Considers allocations for mobile (IMT) in

several bands such as 22-26 GHz used for water vapor, ammonia and CH3OH detection.

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U.N. – ITU – Geneva, SZ

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U.N. – ITU – Geneva, SZ

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2016 RF Spectrum Workshop

  • May 23-27 – 2016
  • At UPR-Mayaguez PR
  • 1 week
  • Sponsored by NSF
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Useful knowledge

  • Radiometer design
  • Power flux density, dB/m2/Hz, Jy
  • dBW, dBm, …
  • Radar Equation
  • Radar range resolution
  • Bandwidth – and relation to pulse

width, integration time

  • Received power Budget (a.k.a. Friis

equation)

  • Sensitivity equation S/N
  • Noise/Interference
  • Antenna theory and design; Sidelobes,

radiation patterns, beamwidth, Gregorian dish,

  • Antenna arrays (interferometry)
  • RF systems; mixers, oscillators,

transmission line propagation, etc.

  • Filter design
  • Harmonics
  • Fourier, time-domain, frequency-domain
  • Microwave and millimeter remote sensors:

both passive and active

  • Research using these bands: C-band, S-

band, X-band, Ku-band, K-band, Ka-band, W-band

  • Microwave Remote Sensing:Atmospheric

Attenuation and Propagation, Mie Scattering, Bragg scattering, Rayleigh Scattering

  • Rain, hail and other hydrometeor effect in

atmospheric path delay

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Obama 2010 MEMO

Presidential Memorandum -- Expanding America's Leadership in Wireless Innovation.

  • All agencies must make 500 MHz of Federal

and nonfederal spectrum available for wireless broadband use by year 2020.

– focusing on the 1695-1710 MHz band, the 1755- 1850 MHz band, and the 5350-5470 and 5850- 5925 MHz bands

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*”Companies bid over $40 billion .. for six blocks of airwaves, totaling 65 MHz of the electromagnetic spectrum”

  • CNET , Jan 2015
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Improve Frequency Spectrum Use (1)

  • Coordination in “3D”: space, frequency &time
  • TVWS -TV White Spaces

androcs.com

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Improve Frequency Spectrum Use (2)

Dynamic Spectrum Sharing

  • Ex. Google Spectrum Database
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RAS/EESS Benefits

$$$

are hard to quantify

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Questions?