Larry Holder School of EECS Washington State University Artificial Intelligence 1
} Weak AI ◦ Machines can act as if they were intelligent } Strong AI ◦ Machines can actually be intelligent (i.e., think) } Can we tell the difference? } Is even weak AI achievable? } Should we care about achieving strong AI? } Are there ethical implications? Artificial Intelligence 2
} Turing Test ◦ Can the machine convince a human that it is human via written English } Loebner Prize Alan Turing (1912-1954) ◦ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loebner_Prize } AI XPRIZE (ai.xprize.org): $5M } Mitsuku (mitsuku.com) The Singularity Is Near (2012) Artificial Intelligence 3
} Disability ◦ But a machine can never… Beat a master at chess ( ü ) Compose a symphony (~) Laugh at a joke Appreciate beauty Fall in love } Response ◦ Magenta Project (magenta.tensorflow.org) ◦ Engineer different approaches (planes vs. birds) ◦ If we can understand how humans do it… Artificial Intelligence 4
} Mathematical objection ◦ Godel’s incompleteness theorem In any formal system there are true sentences that cannot be proven “This sentence is not provable” is true, Kurt Godel but not provable 1906-1978 } Response ◦ Formal systems are infinite, machines are finite ◦ Inability to prove obscure sentences not so bad ◦ Humans have limitations too Artificial Intelligence 5
} Informality ◦ Human behavior too complex to model formally } Response ◦ Usually assumes overly-simplistic models (e.g., propositional logic) ◦ Learning can augment the model Artificial Intelligence 6
} Machine thinks like a human } How do we define human thinking? ◦ Machine has to know it passed the Turing test ◦ Consciousness argument } Mental state = physical (brain) state } Mental state = physical state + ? } Arguments ill-defined } What is consciousness? Artificial Intelligence 7
Brain in a Vat } Functionalists say "Yes" ◦ Brain maps inputs to outputs ◦ Can be modeled as a giant lookup table ◦ Brain in a vat } Naturalists say "No" ◦ Lookup tables are not intelligent Searle's Chinese Room ◦ Searle’s Chinese room argument } Does achieving strong AI matter? Artificial Intelligence 8
} Impact on economy: Losing jobs to automation } Lethal and autonomous robots } Surveillance and privacy } Data mining “Eagle Eye” (2008) “Person of Interest” (2011-2016) Artificial Intelligence 9
} AI responsibility ◦ Generally, human experts are responsible for relying on AI decisions ◦ Autonomous AI liability falls to the human designers ◦ Can an AI system be charged with a crime? “I, Robot” (2004) Artificial Intelligence 10
} Stephen Hawking (2014) ◦ “Success in creating AI would be the biggest event in human history. Unfortunately, it might also be the last.” } Bill Gates (2015) ◦ “I am in the camp that is concerned about super intelligence.” } Elon Musk (2017) ◦ “AI is a fundamental risk to the existence of human civilisation.” } Henry Kissinger (2018) ◦ “… whose culmination is a world relying on machines ungoverned by ethical or philosophical norms.” Artificial Intelligence Laboratory 11
A robot may not injure a human 1. being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. A robot must obey orders given it 2. by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. Isaac Asimov A robot must protect its own 3. 1920-1992 existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. Artificial Intelligence Laboratory 12
} Avoid Negative Side Effects ◦ How can we ensure that an AI system will not disturb its environment in negative ways while pursuing its goals? } Avoid Reward Hacking ◦ How can we avoid gaming of the reward function? } Scalable Oversight ◦ How can we efficiently ensure that a given AI system respects aspects of the objective that are too expensive to be frequently evaluated during training? } Safe Exploration ◦ How do we ensure that an AI system doesn’t make exploratory moves with very negative repercussions? } Robustness to Distributional Shift ◦ How do we ensure that an AI system recognizes, and behaves robustly, when it’s in an environment very different from its training environment? research.googleblog.com/2016/06/bringing-precision-to-ai-safety.html Artificial Intelligence Laboratory 13
} End of human race ◦ An unchecked AI system “ Colossus: The Forbin “The Matrix” (1999) makes a mistake Project” (1970) ◦ Utility function has undesired consequences ◦ Learning leads to undesired behavior ◦ Singularity “Terminator 3: Rise of the “Transcendence” } Friendly AI Machines” (2003) (2014) “I, Robot” (2004) Artificial Intelligence 14
} Robot/AI rights “Bicentennial “A.I. Artificial “The Machine” “Ex Machina” Man” (1999) (2013) (2015) Intelligence” (2001) Artificial Intelligence 15
} Artificial Intelligence for the American People ◦ www.whitehouse.gov/ai/ Artificial Intelligence Laboratory 16
} Weak AI vs. Strong AI } Controlling AI } AI Laws } AI Rights } Human Future } Policy Artificial Intelligence 17
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