Economic sectors, firm size and labour market structure Juan Chacaltana ILO Employment Specialist (chacaltana@ilo.org) Presentation at the Jobs Conference. 12,13 december. Geneva.
Asia World Family workers 100 100 Own account workers 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 Employers 50 50 Employees 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Vertical axis: informality rates, horizontal axis: cumulative % of employment Source: Chacaltana and Leung. Forthcoming LAC Africa 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
World Asia 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 1 2-9 10 10 10-49 50 + 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 Vertical axis: informality rates, horizontal axis: cumulative % of employment Source: Chacaltana and Leung. Forthcoming LAC Africa 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
World Asia and the Pacific 4.5 4.5 Ratio by sector: % value added/ % employment Ratio by sector: % value added/ % employment 4 4 3.5 3.5 [Ratio agriculture = 1] 3 [Ratio agriculture = 1] 3 2.5 2.5 2 2 1.5 1.5 1 1 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 Industry Agriculture Industry Services Agriculture Services % employment (cumulated) % employment (cumulated) Latin America and the Caribbean Africa 3.5 7 Ratio by sector: % value added/ % employment Ratio by sector: % value added/ % employment 6 3 2.5 5 [Ratio agriculture = 1] [Ratio agriculture = 1] 2 4 3 1.5 1 2 0.5 1 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 Agriculture Industry Services Industry Agriculture Services % employment (cumulated) % employment (cumulated) Source: Chacaltana and Leung. Forthcoming
The case of Peru: Output per worker by economic sector High Productivity 200 Electricidad, gas y agua 180 (0.2%) Output per worker (000s S/. 1994) 160 Minería (1.7%) 140 120 Medium Productivity Finanzas (6.3%) 100 Low productivity Transporte, almacenamiento y 80 comunicaciones Construcción (7.4%) (4%) 60 Ind. Comercio, restaurantes Manufactura Agricultura, caza, y hoteles (9.9%) 40 silvicultura y pesca (21.3%) (27.2%) Servicios (21.9%) 20 0 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Cumulative % of employment Source: Infante and Chacaltana 2014
Peru: Output per worker by economic sector and informality Output per worker (USD 2007, thousands) Minería formal Formal mining/energy Formal agriculture, forestry and fishing Formal Agro y pesca formal Transporte transport Formal trade formal Comercio formal Informal mining/energy Formal Minería informal Manufactura Manufacturing Formal hospitality and restaurants. Rest. y alojamiento formal formal Other informal services Formal Otros servicios informales Construcción Informal transport Construction Transporte informal formal Informal construction Construcción informal Informal manufacturing Otros Manufactura informal Other formal servicios Informal hospitality and restaurants Rest. y alojamiento informal services formales Informal agriculture Comercio Informal trade and fishing Agro y pesca informal informal Total workers (%) Source: Chacaltana 2016
Sector and firm size (Peru) Production Intermediate consumption Small Medium Large Small Medium Large Total Total Agriculture Agriculture 4.6% 0.6% 0.4% 5.5% 4.3% 1.7% 4.3% 10.2% Mining, energy (oil, Mining, Energy (oil, 0.2% 0.2% 11.1% 11.5% 0.3% 0.3% 10.3% 10.8% gas, electricity) gas, electricity) Manufacturing Manufacturing 5.6% 5.5% 18.7% 29.9% 13.7% 10.3% 21.8% 45.8% Construction Construction 2.4% 2.1% 2.2% 6.7% 0.1% 0.1% 0.6% 0.8% Commerce, retail, Commerce, retail, 3.5% 2.3% 3.4% 9.3% 0.7% 0.1% 0.5% 1.3% repair repair Transport, storage, Transport, storage, 3.5% 0.6% 2.6% 6.7% 1.4% 1.4% 4.7% 7.5% Hospitality and Hospitality and 2.3% 0.9% 0.5% 3.7% 0.1% 0.2% 0.6% 0.8% restaurants restaurants Other services Other services 5.5% 5.2% 15.9% 26.7% 2.3% 5.0% 15.5% 22.8% Total Total 27.7% 17.2% 55.0% 100.0% 22.8% 18.8% 58.4% 100.0% Source: Gonzalez de Olarte et al (2014)
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