Kampoosa Bog Stockbridge, Massachusetts Amy Larson Rhodes Andrew - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Oct 16, 2023 429 likes •816 views

Fate and Transport of Road Salt During Snowmelt Through a Calcareous Fen: Kampoosa Bog Stockbridge, Massachusetts Amy Larson Rhodes Andrew J. Guswa and Ann Pufall Smith College, Northampton, MA Acknowledgements Funding

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Fate and Transport of Road Salt During Snowmelt Through a Calcareous Fen:

Kampoosa Bog

Stockbridge, Massachusetts

Amy Larson Rhodes Andrew J. Guswa and Ann Pufall Smith College, Northampton, MA

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Acknowledgements

  • Funding

– Massachusetts Environmental Trust – Massachusetts Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program – Smith College Summer Science Internship Program

  • Kampoosa Bog Stewardship Committee
  • Maryann Ashworth (’00),

Field Hydrologist

  • Student Summer Field Assistants

– Amy Reed (’05) – Cheryl Mawaka (’05) – Ceci del Cid-Liccardi (’05) – June Yeung (’07) – Molly Williams (’03)

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Northampton Boston

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Kampoosa Bog Basin

KB-100 KB-150 MB-100

  • 300-400 tons of

rock salt (NaCl) is added annually June 1998: 20-400 mg/L Na in wetland (Richburg, 2001) Catchment Areas (km2) KB-100: 4.7 KB-150: 1.7 MB-100: 0.8 Wetland Complex: 48 ha

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414 mg/L 115 mg/L 23 mg/L

Findings of Richburg et

  • al. (2001):
  • Less cover of 8-11

plant species in high salt regions of fen.

  • Phragmites occurred in

areas of both high and low salt abundance.

  • Both factors separately

are impacting the fen.

  • Concern that

Phragmites will

  • utcompete plant species

that characterize the fen community.

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  • Groundwater fed and nutrient rich (Ca, Mg)
  • Alkaline (pH = 7.5 – 8.9)

Kampoosa Bog is a Calcareous Fen

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Site B Site A

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Rare Species and Ecologic Communities

  • One of Massachusetts’ most

significant rare species habitats, found at few other sites in MA.

  • Mosaic of 5 ecological communities,

48 ha

(1 ha = ~2.5 acre)

  • 23 rare plants and

2 rare animals

  • 18 species protected by the

Massachusetts Endangered Species Act (endangered, threatened, special concern)

6.1 ha 48 ha 2.2 ha Gas Pipeline

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Areas of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC)

  • ACECs are places of special recognition in Massachusetts

because of natural and cultural resource significance.

  • Mission: To preserve, restore, and enhance critical

environmental resources in Massachusetts. To increase level of protection and to support stewardship.

  • ACECs are identified and nominated at the community

level, and they are reviewed by the Secretary of Environmental Affairs.

  • Since 1975, 28 ACECs have been designated, covering

approximately 241,000 acres in 73 communities.

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Kampoosa Bog Stewardship Committee (KSC)

  • Berkshire Regional Planning Commission
  • Marian Fathers
  • Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management
  • ACEC Program
  • Massachusetts Department of Fisheries and Wildlife
  • Massachusetts Highway Department
  • Massachusetts Historical Commission
  • Massachusetts Natural Heritage and Endangered Species

Program

  • Massachusetts Turnpike Authority
  • The Nature Conservancy
  • Stockbridge and Lee Conservation Commissions
  • Stockbridge and Lee Land Trusts
  • Tennessee Gas Pipeline Company
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Vision and Mission of the KSC

  • Vision: To restore and preserve the Bog by fostering

community stewardship of the Kampoosa Bog Drainage Basin ACEC.

  • Mission: Through the union of stakeholders we will

educate the public, define baseline environmental data, coordinate cultural and environmental research, communicate research results and communicate activities, review and comment on proposed developments, all in order to restore and preserve the Bog.

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Goals of Study

  • To understand the extent hydrology controls

wetland water chemistry to assess the impact of road salt pollution.

  • What is mass of ions (salt) that enter and exit

wetland during snowmelt? What is the flow path of dissolved salts?

  • What are the dynamics of water and peat

chemistry in response to hydrologic events?

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Chemical Analyses

Total Carbon Analyzer laboratory Dissolved Organic Carbon Spectrophotometry laboratory Dissolved Silica Ion Chromatography laboratory Major Anion Concentrations (SO4

2-, Cl-, NO3

  • , PO4

3- )

Ion Chromatography laboratory Major Cation Concentrations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4

+)

  • f acidified splits.

End-Point Titration and gran titration laboratory Acid Neutralizing Capacity (Alkalinity) YSI SC meter field Temperature (°C) YSI SC meter, temperature compensated field/laboratory Specific Conductance Fisher Accumet pH meter, laboratory pH

Method Where Measured Parameter

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MINERAL WEATHERING AT KAMPOOSA BOG CaMg(CO3)2 + H2CO3 Ca2+ + Mg2+ + 2HCO3- NaCl Na+ + Cl- CaCO3 + H2CO3 Ca2+ + 2HCO3

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Site B

Surface Water Chemistry

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Groundwater Chemistry

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Variation in Porewater Chemistry with Depth

Site A, Open Fen

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Cl- (μmol/L) Na+ (μmol/L)

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Cation Exchange Capacity of Peat and Lake Sediments, Open Fen

Exchangeable Na (meq/100g) Total Base CEC and Exchangeable Ca (meq/100g) Exchangeable Mg (meq/100g)

Newell, Unpublished

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Pathway of Salt Input to Fen

Open Fen, March 3, 2004

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Flux of Salt from Kampoosa Bog: Snowmelt 2005 (7 March – 4 April 2005)

~ 5.8 inches of water discharged at outlet as melted snow and rain

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Rain = 1.95 in.

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Ion Concentration Snowmelt 2005

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 10 20 30 40 50 60 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 Na Cl Ca Mg Discharge

Ion Concentration (μmol/L) Discharge (ft3/sec) Julian Day 2005

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Calculating Mass Flux in Streamflow Fi = Q * Ci

where: Q = Stream Discharge (L/sec) Ci = Ion Concentration (mmol/L) Fi = Ion Flux (mmol/sec)

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What is Flux of Ions Exiting Fen?

MASS BALANCE:

FOUT = FINLETS + FWETLAND FWETLAND = FOUT – FINLETS FWETLAND = FKB100 – (FKB150 + FMB100 )

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Chloride and Calcium Flux at KB-100

Fi = Q * Ci

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Geochemical Fluxes from KB-100 during Snowmelt 2005

9 2.9 x 105 Mg 27 5.2 x 105 Ca 78 (32%) 1.73 x 106 Cl 39 (24%) 1.5 x 106 Na 563 5.8

Streamflow Total Flux

(acre-feet; tons) (% applied)

Total Flux

(inches; moles)

Compound

Rock Salt Applied to Turnpike, Kampoosa Bog Catchment, 2004-2005 (ref: MA Turnpike Authority): ~400 tons rock salt over 37 storms 156 tons Na 244 tons Cl

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10 20 30 40 50 60 70 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Wetland KB-150 MB-100

Percent Flux by Source (%) Sodium Flux at KB-100 (mmol/sec)

  • 10

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 200 400 600 800 1000 Wetland KB-150 MB-100

Percent Flux by Source (%) Calcium Flux at KB-100 (mmol/sec)

Percent contribution of Na and Ca to

  • utlet does not vary with ion flux

Sodium Calcium

FWETLAND = FOUTLET – FINLETS

(KB 100)

  • (KB 150 + MB 100)
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Snowmelt 2005:

Ca and Mg Scale to Watershed Area; Na and Cl Scale to Lane Miles

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  • 15
  • 10
  • 5

5 10 15 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7 7.2 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85

Effects of 2004 Snowmelt on Water Levels Kampoosa Outlet

Air Temp (C) Staff (ft) Air Temp (C) Staff (ft) Julian Day (Calendar Day) Warm Rain Snowmelt "Freeze-Thaw" Episodes (2/19/04) (2/29/04) (3/10/04) (3/20/04)

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Changes in Chemistry at KB-100 Snowmelt 2004

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Conclusions

  • Na and Cl in fen groundwater are highest near the

surface, whereas Ca and Mg increase with depth. Suggests that road salt is added to the fen by surface and/or shallow groundwater flow.

  • Na:Cl imbalance indicates that ~ 15-20% of Na from salt is

stored in peat on cation exchange sites.

  • The flux of dissolved salts at the outlet (KB-100) during

Snowmelt 2005 accounts for 24% (Na) and 32% (Cl) of rock salt added to the Massachusetts Turnpike during 2004-2005.

  • Discharge and Ca and Mg fluxes at the outlet are

consistent with subcatchment area, whereas Na and Cl fluxes are consistent with highway miles.

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Conclusions, continued

  • During snowmelt events, Ca and Mg are diluted.
  • In contrast, Na and Cl increase at the onset of melting

before being diluted. Spikes in Na and Cl coincide with a rise in the fen water table. This suggests that dissolved salts in shallow groundwater are released quickly from the fen to Kampoosa Brook as the snowpack adds water to the wetland.

  • Deeper flow paths containing Ca, Mg, Na and Cl have

a longer travel time from the fen to Kampoosa Brook.

  • Management questions: What is flux of applied salt

from fen over annual basis? How much salt is retained in the fen? How long would salt concentrations remain elevated if amount of road salt was reduced.

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SLIDE 36

Questions?

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Changes in Na, Cl, Water Level in Fen, Snowmelt 2007

2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 4.95 5 5.05 5.1 5.15 5.2 5.25 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 Na Cl Staff (ft)

Na, Cl Concentration (umol/L) Water Level Site A (ft)

Julian Day, Year 6