July 12 2017 C ENTER FOR C REATIVE L AND R ECYCLING Workshops & - PDF document

July 12 2017 C ENTER FOR C REATIVE L AND R ECYCLING • Workshops & Webinars • Policy & Research • Consulting • Technical Assistance: EPA TAB grantee • Online at www.cclr.org Sarah Sieloff sarah.sieloff@cclr.org Ignacio Dayrit 415.398.1080 | ignacio.dayrit@cclr.org Jean Hamerman 646.712.0535 | jean.hamerman@cclr.org TAB L OCATIONS Location? 1"

T ODAY ’ S P RESENTATION Introductions Mike McLaughlin SCS Engineers, Reston VA Joe Miller SCS Engineers, Pleasanton CA Sarah Sieloff Center for Creative Land Recycling Questions & Answer T ODAY ’ S P RESENTERS Mike McLaughlin is Senior Vice President for Environmental Services of SCS Engineers. He the environmental services practice group, which includes Brownfields and voluntary remediation, all appropriate inquiry, hazardous waste, Superfund, storage tank, and environmental management systems assignments. Mike has written and presented on a variety of topics, with particular emphasis in redevelopment of closed landfill sites and urban Brownfields redevelopment. He is a member of the American Bar Association’s Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources. Joe Miller is Vice President for Solid Waste Management Services at SCS Engineers. He directs the technical activities on environmental projects, which includes landfill engineering, landfill gas management, and landfill post-closure care. He has experience on a variety of technical and regulatory compliance projects, with particular emphasis in recent years on remedial engineering and permitting, landfill closure and post-closure maintenance, re-purposing of closed landfill sites and urban Brownfields redevelopment. He is a member of the Solid Waste Association of North America. W HEN L IFE H ANDS Y OU A L ANDFILL … .. M AKE IT INTO S OMETHING B ETTER ! 2"

P RESENTATION O UTLINE • Old Dumps Can Get New Life • Special Challenges to Re-Purposing Landfills • Market Drivers • Legal Issues • Technical Issues • Costs • Case Studies • Keys to Success Lakeside Marketplace, Atlanta GA 39 O LD D UMPS C AN G ET N EW L IFE … • Park / Recreational Facility • Business Park - R&D Facility • Retail • Industrial Warehouse • Solar Farm Concert Venue, Mountain View • Container Storage / Parking CA • Multi-Use MFD / Commercial / Entertainment 40 S PECIAL C HALLENGES TO D EVELOPMENT • Legal / Regulatory Issues • Liability concerns under Superfund • Similar concerns under state laws • Agency scrutiny is heightened • Technical Issues • Structural design for settlement • Methane protection • Water quality protection America Center, San Jose CA • Worker Safety 41 3"

L EGAL AND R EGULATORY F RAMEWORK • CERCLA Bona Fide Prospective Purchaser (BFPP) • All disposal of hazardous substances at the facility occurred before the person acquired the facility. • All appropriate inquiries into the previous ownership and uses of the facility • All legally required notices with respect to the discovery or release • Full cooperation, assistance, and FedEx Facility , Newington access VA 42 L EGAL AND R EGULATORY F RAMEWORK • BFPP, Continued • Institutional Controls • Complies with any land use restrictions established or relied on in connection with the response action • Does not impede the effectiveness or integrity of any institutional control • BFPP not otherwise responsible party, and not affiliated (familial or corporate) with responsible party 43 L EGAL AND R EGULATORY F RAMEWORK • BFPP, Continued • The person exercises appropriate care with respect to hazardous substances found at the facility by taking reasonable steps to • stop any continuing release • prevent any threatened future release • prevent or limit human, environmental, or natural resource exposure to any previously released hazardous substance • Appropriate care probably includes protecting against decomposition gas and maintaining integrity of cap 44 4"

L EGAL AND R EGULATORY F RAMEWORK • Landfill Regulations (States) • Some states require formal application for change to post- closure uses • Some states have detailed and specific regulations that apply state-wide • Many states do not regulate post-closure uses of older (pre-Subtitle D) landfills, even if they had a permit • Voluntary Cleanup or Remediation Programs • Can result in formal “seal of approval” for mitigation measures • Can facilitate onsite relocation of excavated wastes without permit • Legal protections vary by state 45 M ARKET D RIVERS • Vibrancy of the Real Estate Industry • Location, Location, Location • Demand for urban in-fill • Landfills often near major highways • Growing need for public space • Developer Appetite for Risk Seal Point Park, San Mateo CA 46 C AN B E S MART G ROWTH I MMINENT RFP Many closed landfills have: • Good transportation access • Existing utility infrastructure • Waterfront views or other amenities Sports Complex, • Urban and Suburban Corridors Extend to Once- Burlingame CA Isolated Landfill Sites • Redevelopment Can Improve Landfill Post-closure Care • Revenue source for post-closure maintenance • Monitoring and maintenance programs are upgraded— more active than quarterly inspections 47 5"

T ECHNICAL I SSUES • Structural Support / Design for Settlement • Site Utilities • Methane Protection • Landfill Cap Construction and Protection • Leachate Collection and Disposal • Landscape and Drainage Produce Mart – Philadelphia PA 48 “S OFT E DGE ” S ETTLEMENT 49 “H ARD E DGE ” S ETTLEMENT 50 6"

D ESIGN FOR S ETTLEMENT : S ITE P REPARATION • Excavate and Replace with Structural Fill ($$$) • Pre-loading (surcharging) • Proven, simple method • Requires time, and source of cheap soil fill • Allows settlement measurement and prediction • Deep dynamic compaction • Brute force approach • Depth of improvement varies (up to 30’ in MSW fill) • Works on level areas (difficult on slopes) 51 S URCHARGE F ILL 52 D YNAMIC C OMPACTION 53 7"

D ESIGN FOR S ETTLEMENT : B UILDING F OUNDATIONS • Deep Pile Foundations (Deep Fills) • Steel H-Piles • Pre-Cast Driven Piles • Drill Displacement Columns (DDC) • Injects grout column into soils • Engineered soil fill placed over the columns • Slab on Grade over engineered fill • Like “sleeping on a bed of nails” • Modified Spread Footing on Soil Mat (Shallow Fill) • Which is Best? • Geotechnical and structural considerations always govern • Need to prevent contaminant migration to groundwater • Should minimize waste spoils and drill cutting disposal • Balance above with overall cost 54 P ILE F OUNDATION S YSTEM 55 P ILE AND H INGE S LAB D ESIGN 56 8"

M ETHANE P ROTECTION (L ANDFILL G AS ) • Regulations and Guidance • Prevent gas intrusion into buildings • Methane threshold 25% of lower explosive limit in buildings • Methane Mitigation Systems Employed • Active gas extraction • Impermeable membrane barriers • Passive vent system • Automated gas sensors/alarms in buildings • Utility seals • Utility trench cut-off barriers 57 S UBSLAB V APOR B ARRIER 58 S UBSLAB V ENT S YSTEM 59 9"

M ETHANE M ITIGATION S YSTEMS Subslab Gravel Vent Layer and Piping Vent Riser 60 M ETHANE M ITIGATION S YSTEMS Sub-slab Geomembrane (HDPE) 61 C ONSTRUCTION C OSTS AT L ANDFILLS • Foundations for retail or office can be 2 – 4.5x more costly than traditional spread footing foundations. • Example (recent project – single story office) • Conventional slab-on grade: $17/ sq ft footprint • Deep pile foundation : $78/sq ft • DDC foundation: $39/sq ft • Methane mitigation system: $4 - $12 sq ft footprint or more 62 10"

C ASE S TUDY – W EST C OAST Bayshore Tech Center, San Francisco Bay Area 63 C ASE S TUDY – B AYSHORE T ECH P ARK • 45-acre municipal waste landfill (active 1940-1970) • 20 buildings, 980,000 square feet • Office Park – tech sector • Income producing since year 2000 After Before 64 C ASE S TUDY – B AYSHORE T ECH C ENTER • Friction piles – structural support • Pre-cast concrete • 125 feet long, driven into bay muds (waste 40 ft deep) • Over 2,200 piles driven • Utility “raceways” integral to structural slab • Flexible utility connections • “Floating” utility vaults • Methane Mitigation • HDPE membrane below slab • Passive venting system under buildings and parking lot • Automated gas sensors/alarms in buildings 65 11"

C ASE S TUDY – E AST C OAST Belvoir Business Center, Newington, Virginia 66 C ASE S TUDY : B ELVOIR B USINESS C ENTER • Originally a quarry; used as landfill 1977 – 1984 • Landfill area 60 acres • Smart growth for area – 20,000 new jobs with need for office and distribution center • Site re-purposed as: • 150,000 FedEx Ground Facility • 200,000 sq ft office space 67 C ASE S TUDY : B ELVOIR B USINESS C ENTER • Virginia voluntary remediation program • Pile foundation systems • Methane mitigation system – building subslab vent • Solar fans control landfill gas migration 68 12"