January, 2014 Duplin County, 2013 Photo credit: Dan Kornegay, 2013 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Cotton Production Joint Commodity Conference January, 2014

Duplin County, 2013 Photo credit: Dan Kornegay, 2013

Central Crops Research Station, 2013

NC Cotton Yields 1200 1000 1014 990 951 900 800 856 852 847 830 767 lb/acre 713 600 646 616 400 200 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 10- 2013 year avg.

2010 Palmer amaranth survey Glyphosate-resistant, thifensulfuron-susceptible 3% Glyphosate-susceptible, thifensulfuron-resistant 2% Glyphosate- and thifensulfuron-resistant 95% Glufosinate-resistant 0% Fomesafen-resistant 0%

Palmer Amaranth Control in GL, LL, RRF, or WRF Cotton • Start clean. • Aggressive Preplant and PRE residual program. • First POST 14 days after planting; add Dual Magnum or Warrant or Staple (if not ALS-resistant). • Second POST 14-18 days later; maybe add another residual. • Residual layby 14-21 days after second POST. • Goal is to have overlapping residuals. • Expensive, but effective

Win the Battle, Lose the War? • Continued reliance on limited number of MOA’s could be problematic. • Especially concerned with PPO inhibitors (Reflex, Valor, others) and glufosinate (Liberty). • Selection for PPO- or glufosinate- resistant biotypes would be devastating.

Will Palmer amaranth become resistant to PPO inhibitors? • Mechanism of PPO resistance in waterhemp is a target site amino acid deletion (Patzoldt et al., PNAS, 2006 ). Loss of a glycine, leading to altered binding domain of enzyme (Dyan et al., Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 2010 ). 100-fold reduction in sensitivity to PPO inhibitors. • Waterhemp has a trinucleotide repeat at position 210 of PPX2 gene …TGTGGTGGA… …TGT GGT GGA… • Loss of either repeat leads to loss of a glycine codon (GGT). • Palmer amaranth has same repeat motif as waterhemp. Riggins and Tranel ( Int. J. Agron., 2012 ) predict that we will select for PPO resistance in Palmer amaranth

Palmer amaranth control with Valor/Direx vs Valor/Reflex in no-till cotton. 2010-2012.* Valor fb Reflex Valor fb Direx 100 99 97 80 % control 60 40 20 0 Loc 1 Loc 2 Loc 3 Loc 4 Loc 5 Loc 6 Avg * Data recorded before first POST application. Charlie Cahoon’s data.

Proper Use of Liberty • Always use residual preplant and/or preemergence herbicides to reduce selection pressure on Liberty WITH PRE W/O PRE

Proper Use of Liberty • Always use residual preplant and/or preemergence herbicides • Only two Liberty applications per year • Timely Liberty application; full rate; good coverage; include a residual

New Uses for Old MOA’s • Brake F2, Section 18’s for 2014 Expected in GA, SC, TN Maybe NC?

Brake F2 • Premix of fluridone and fomesafen • Fluridone inhibits carotenoid biosynthesis at PDS; same MOA as Zorial (Group 12) • No more effective than current herbicides, but offers another MOA to aid in resistance management • Good Palmer amaranth control • Excellent cotton tolerance • Potential carryover • Expected to be expensive

New Uses for Old MOA’s • Enlist cotton (resistant to 2,4-D, glufosinate, glyphosate) • Xtend cotton (resistant to dicamba, glufosinate, glyphosate) Enlist cotton is NOT tolerant of dicamba Xtend cotton is NOT tolerant of 2,4-D

Glufosinate Glufosinate + Cpd X Cpd X Non-transformed Technology Y Non-transformed NC, 2012

Glyphosate-only Residual PRE Glufosinate + residual +Cpd X POST-1 Glufosinate + Cpd X POST-2 NC., 2013

How well we manage off-target drift will determine the success of Enlist and Extend technologies

Large-Plot Cotton Variety/Technology Trials

Methods • Large plots (avg. 1/4 acre), replicated • Planted with cooperators’ equipment • Cooperators applied preplant, PRE, and layby herbicides • NCSU applied Roundup or Liberty POST • Plots were weed-free • Cooperators managed PGR and defoliation • Picked with cooperator’s equipment

Large-Plot Cotton Variety/Technology Trials Performance Data on the Poster

Liberty on WideStrike Cotton: WideStrike Injury from Ignite Are we hurting ourselves? Liberty 29 oz/A Liberty 43 oz/A

PHY WRF Response to Liberty Avg. 16 Weed Control Trials - 2007-2012 2500 2468 Seed cotton yield (lb/A) 2252 2000 +10% 1500 1000 500 0 Roundup-based Liberty-based programs programs

PHY WRF Response to Liberty Avg. 10 Weed-Free Trials - 2007-2011* 2500 Seed cotton yield (lb/A) 2352 2347 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Roundup-based Liberty-based programs programs * All trials with PHY 375WRF or PHY 485WRF.

Variety/Technology Trials - 2013 Roundup program* Liberty program** Varieties Year Varieties Year DP 1028 B2RRF 2013 FM 1944 GLB2 2013 DP 1137 B2RRF 2013 ST 4747 GLB2 2013 DP 1321 B2RRF 2013 ST 4946 GLB2 2013 PHY 339 WRF 2013 ST 6448 GLB2 2013 PHY 367 WRF 2013 PHY 499 WRF 2013 PHY 375 WRF 2013 PHY 499 WRF 2013 ST 4946 GLB2 2013 *32 oz PowerMax applied twice. **32 oz Liberty applied twice.

Effect of herbicide program on lint yield of PHY 499 WRF Variety/Technology Trial - 2012 POST Herbicide Program % Difference Location Roundup* Liberty** with Liberty Conway 1656 1493 - 9.8 Patetown 1550 1556 0 Albertson 1219 1022 - 16.2 Jackson Springs 1850 1767 - 4.5 Average 1569 1460 - 6.9 * 32 oz PowerMax + Warrant followed by 22 oz PowerMax. ** 43 oz Liberty + Warrant followed by 29 oz Liberty + Warrant. NCSU recommends 29 to 32 oz Liberty twice on WRF cotton, and cautions against mixing Dual or Warrant with Liberty on WRF cotton.

Effect of herbicide program on lint yield of PHY 499 WRF Variety/Technology Trial - 2013 POST Herbicide Program % Difference Location Roundup* Liberty** with Liberty Lewiston 1748 1563 - 10.6 Rocky Mount 1214 1129 - 7.0 Jackson Springs 875 797 - 5.9 Average 1279 1163 - 9.1 * 32 oz PowerMax applied twice. 32 oz Liberty applied twice.

Roundup on PHY 499 Liberty on PHY 499

Dominic Reisig Vernon James Center Plymouth, NC “the new Jack Bacheler ”

Treatments: “One and Done System” (Todd Spivey’s research) • Check • Avicta Complete • Thiamethoxam (seed treatment) • Avicta Complete + Admire Pro • Thiamethoxam (seed treatment) • Imidacloprid (in-furrow) 9oz/A

Immature thrips, 2013 2 WAP 3 WAP 4 WAP 0 50 100 150 200 Immature Thrips per 5 Plants Check Avicta Complete Avicta Complete + Admire Pro (9oz/A)

2013 31 days after planting Avicta + Untreated Avicta Admire Pro

July 25, 2013 Avicta Complete + Admire Pro Avicta (9 oz in- Complete furrow) Untreated

October 31, 2013 Avicta + Untreated Avicta Admire Pro

Lint Yield 2013 Check 700 Avicta Complete 975 Avicta Complete + 1300 Admire Pro (9 oz) 0 500 1000 1500 lb/A Admire Pro alone is inadequate; must be used with seed treatment

In-furrow Setup • In-furrow spray – Flat fan nozzles parallel with the furrow, have not been successful in our evaluations. • 6 inches above furrow – Nozzles too close to furrow have a tendency to clog or drag.

Thrips Resistance Management • Thiamethoxam (Acceleron N, Avicta, Cruiser) resistance in tobacco thrips confirmed in Mid-South; not yet in Southeast • Compared to seed treatment + acephate foliar spray, seed treatment + Admire Pro in-furow spray could enhance selection for resistance; fewer MOA’s ₋ Seed tmt + acephate = two MOA’s (neonic. + OP) ₋ Seed tmt + Admire = one MOA (neonic. + neonic.)

2014 will look like this

2013 Large-Plot Variety/Technology Trials Rocky Mount and Lewiston averaged Herbi- Lint Herbi- Lint Variety Trait cide (lb/A) Variety Trait cide (lb/A) ST 4946 GLB2 Rup 1560* DP 1321 B2RRF Rup 1464 PHY 375 WRF Rup 1556** FM 1944 GLB2 Lib 1448 PHY 499 WRF Rup 1519** PHY 367 WRF Rup 1438 ST 4946 GLB2 Lib 1474** ST 6448 GLB2 Lib 1351 ST 4747 GLB2 Lib 1468** DP 1028 B2RRF Rup 1278 PHY 339 WRF Rup 1467** DP 1137 B2RRF Rup 1236 * Highest yielder. ** Not different from highest yielder, P < 0.05. LSD 0.05 = 95. CV = 6.17%.

2013 Large-Plot Variety/Technology Trials Jackson Springs Herb- Lint Herb- Lint Variety Trait icide (lb/A) Variety Trait icide (lb/A) DP 1137 B2RRF Rup 995* ST 4946 GLB2 Lib 828 DP 1321 B2RRF Rup 947** ST 4946 GLB2 Rup 815 PHY 375 WRF Rup 920** FM 1944 GLB2 Lib 762 DP 1028 B2RRF Rup 885** ST 6448 GLB2 Lib 752 PHY 499 WRF Rup 875** PHY 367 WRF Rup 875** PHY 339 WRF Rup 873** ST 4747 GLB2 LIB 866** * Highest yielder. ** Not different from highest yielder, P < 0.05. LSD 0.05 = 131. CV = 10.66%.