J OINT C ENTER FOR E NERGY S TORAGE R ESEARCH Becoming Energy - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

J OINT C ENTER FOR E NERGY S TORAGE R ESEARCH Becoming Energy Efficient George Crabtree Director, Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR) Argonne National Laboratory University of Illinois at Chicago Outline Energy Sources and Uses Transportation and Electricity Grid Big Energy Changes Shale, Conventional, Electric and Hydrogen Cars, Wind and Solar Electricity What Can One Person Do? Next Generation Batteries Holland’s Energy Future Holland MI April 28, 2015

Energy Determines Aspirations and Limitations of Life E ne rg y the prime mo ve r o f so c ie ty

US Energy Flow 2013 Uses Efficiency Sources Electricity 67% rejected Transportation 79% rejected

Energy Use and GHG Emissions Energy Use 2013 EIA Monthly Energy Review Table 2.1 (May 2014) GHG Emissions 2012 EPA http://www.epa.gov/climatechange /ghge missions/sources/electricity.html ~ 60% o f e ne rg y use a nd GHG e missio ns fro m e le c tric ity a nd tra nspo rta tio n

The World in Fifty Years . . . . . . de pe nds o n the e ne rg y c ho ic e s we de ve lo p no w g a s o il c o a l wo o d Ste ve n Chu a nd Arun Ma jumda r, Na ture 488, 294 (2012) fifty ye a rs

Shale and Hydraulic Fracturing Ab unda nt wo rld wide so urc e s I ne xpe nsive L o we r c a rb o n e missio ns tha n c o a l o r o il $/ MBT U pe a k 05-08: $12 no n-pe a k 05-08: $8 Sinc e Ja n 2012: $2 - $4 So urc e : E I A 2012 40 US Natural Gas Production Game Chang e r Trillion cu ft 1990 - 2040 52% lo we r c a rb o n e missio ns Shale e ne rg y se c urity Gas 24% 20 dive rsity o f so urc e s a nd use s re plac e c o al fo r po we r pro duc tio n o il fo r transpo rtatio n 0 2040 2020 2000

Shale Dramatically Reduces US Oil Imports US Oil Reduces 1949 - 2013 foreign oil imports ~ 60% Little effect fracking on efficiency recession ~ 25% EIA :Monthly Energy Review Table 3.1 Sep 2014

Conventional Transportation CAFE Standards 1978 - 2026 Cars Trends are positive Cars are becoming more efficient We drive less Trucks Vehicle Miles Driven 1971 – 2014 blue=recession http://www.c2es.org/federal/executive/vehicle- Trillions of Miles standardsAgreement 2ith 13 automakers, Aug 28, 2012 2008-2009 1971 2014 http://2.bp.blogspot.com/- wGRACDgtnC0/U6rny_IFHGI/AAAAAAAAfhI/ybr8m _o1oog/s1600/VehicleMilesApr2014.jpg

Tesla Model S Electrified Transportation c o a l, g a s e le c tric ity e le c tric mo to r pro duc tio n re pla c e s g a so line e ng ine re ne wa b le , nuc le a r e le c tric ity battery pro duc tio n e - re fo rming me tha ne CH 4 tesla motors + + (to d a a y) + O 2 2015 Toyota Mirai Fuel Cell + + H 2 re ne wa b le + Car + + hydro g e n H 2 O fuel cell pro duc tio n High (to mo rro w) pressure http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/17/automobiles/h hydrogen ydrogen-fuel-cell-cars-return-for-another- storage run.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&modu le=mini-moth&region=top-stories- below&WT.nav=top-stories-below

How Much Better are Electric Cars? Ca rb o n Dio xide E missio ns E le c tric vs Ga so line Ca rs 1200 300 1000 Ga so line Carbon Dioxide Emissions of c a rs Grams CO 2 /kWh 800 200 Grams CO 2 /km Electricity Generation by Source 600 Carbon Dioxide Emissions of 400 100 Electric Cars by Generation Source 200 0 0 Hydro Geothermal Nuclear Gas Solar Coal Oil wind Solar Nuclear wind Hydro Geothermal Coal Gas Oil UCS State of Charge (2012) http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/clean_vehicles/ele ctric-car-global-warming-emissions-report.pdf

How Much Better are Electric Cars? E ne rg y Use a nd Ope ra ting Co st E le c tric vs Ga so line Ca rs E ne rg y Use Ope ra ting Co st 4.00 0.12 Cost per km Electric and Gasoline Cars Gasoline Cars 3.00 Gasoline 0.09 Cars USD $/km @USD $3.00/gal MJ/km 2.00 Energy Efficiency of 0.06 Electric and Gasoline Cars 1.00 0.03 @USD $0.06-0.18/kWh 0 0 Nissan Leaf Tesla Model S BMW i3 Chevy Volt Nissan Leaf Tesla Model S BMW i3 Chevy Volt http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/findacar.shtml

Electric Car Challenges Rang e 5x hig he r b a tte ry e ne rg y de nsity Che vy Vo lt: 38 mile s o n sing le c ha rg e Nissa n L e a f: 84 mile s o n sing le c ha rg e BMW i3 81 mile s o n sing le c ha rg e 80 kWh 16 kWh T e sla Mo de l S: 208 mile s o n sing le c ha rg e x5 Ho nda Ac c o rd: 533 mile s o n sing le tank Purc hase Pric e (2015) 5x lo we r b a tte ry c o st Che vy Vo lt: $34 170 – $36 700 Nissa n L e a f: $29 010 - $35 120 $ BMW i3: $42 400 - $46 250 $ T e sla Mo de l S: $69 900 1/ 5 Ho nda Ac c o rd: $22 105 - $33 630 Adde d c o st drive n b y la rg e b a tte rie s http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/findacar.shtml http://www.cars.com/

Electricity - the Great Enabler 40% of US primary energy devoted to electricity production 40 30 % 20 10 0.0 1960 1880 1900 1920 1940 1980 2000 2020 source: EPRI

Electricity as a Sustainable Energy Carrier e le c tric ve hic le s so la r d ig ita l so la r hydro the rma l e le c tro nic s e le c tric wind c o mmunic a tio n c o a l g a s po we r tra nspo rta tio n me c ha nic a l he a e le c tric ity mo tio n g rid t nuc le a r industry fissio n 35% o f prima ry e ne rg y lig hting fue l c e lls he a ting 34% o f CO 2 e missio ns re frig e ra tio n 63% o f e ne rg y lo st c le a n, e ffic ie nt, ve rsa tile e - lo a d a c c o mmo da te s ma ny so urc e s a nd use s e - fo ssil a nd re ne wa b le

Wind and Solar Electricity ✓ Sta b le c lima te 60 ✓ E ne rg y se c urity US Wind and Solar 50 Electricity 40 Cumulative Installed Capacity GW 30 Ave output: 17 GW ~ 3.8% of US ave use: 450 GW US electricity 20 15% growth/yr  40% wind and solar wind electricity by 2030 Via b le te c hno lo g ie s 10 o n de plo yme nt pa th solar Re maining sc ie nc e c halle ng e s 0 impro ve e ffic ie nc y lo we r c o st

Energy Storage Enables Variable Wind and Solar Generation demand g a s pla nt wind output Ba c k up the wind fa rm with http://www.windbyte.co.uk/windpower.html One o r two c a lm da ys pe r mo nth Wind stro ng e r a t nig ht Wind do e s no t fo llo w diurna l pa tte rn b a tte ry $ = 5x g a s pla nt $

Conventional Solar House

Solar Panel on Roof Battery in Basement Sto re e xc e ss e le c tric ity in ho me b a tte ry fo r la te r use Use 40% le ss e le c tric ity fro m g rid Home Battery http://www.autoevolution.com/news/fir st-images-with-teslas-home-battery- leaked-could-be-rated-at-more-than-400- kwh-94019.html

What Can One Person Do? Solar panels Weatherizing 1929 Colonial house Scorecard 2014: From the grid: 3883 kWh coldest winter in history Efficient To the grid: 5760 kWh Geothermal heating and cooling of Chicago appliances Net zero energy house and car? Tesla Model S Chevy Volt Scott Willenbrock, UIUC http://physics.illinois.edu/outreach/zero-net-energy-house/

JCESR Has Transformative Goals Visio n T ra nsfo rm tra nspo rta tio n a nd the e le c tric ity g rid with hig h pe rfo rma nc e , lo w c o st e ne rg y sto ra g e TRANSPORTATION $100/ kWh Missio n 400 Wh/kg 400 Wh/L De live r e le c tric a l e ne rg y sto ra g e with five time s the e ne rg y 800 W/kg 800 W/L de nsity a nd o ne -fifth the c o st o f to da y’ s c o mme rc ia l b a tte rie s 1000 cycles within five ye a rs 80% DoD C/5 15 yr calendar life L e gac ie s • A libra ry of the funda me nta l sc ie nc e o f the ma te ria ls a nd EUCAR phe no me na o f e ne rg y sto ra g e a t a to mic a nd mo le c ula r le ve ls GRID $100/ kWh • T wo prototype s, one for tra nsporta tion a nd one for the e le c tric ity g rid , tha t, whe n sc a le d up to ma nufa c turing , ha ve the po te ntia l 95% round-trip efficiency at C/5 rate to me e t JCE SR’ s tra nsfo rma tive g o a ls 7000 cycles C/5 • A ne w pa ra dig m for ba tte ry R&D tha t inte g ra te s disc o ve ry 20 yr calendar life sc ie nc e , b a tte ry de sig n, re se a rc h pro to typing a nd Safety equivalent to a ma nufa c turing c o lla b o ra tio n in a sing le hig hly inte ra c tive natural gas turbine o rg a niza tio n JCESR: Focus exclusively on beyond lithium-ion batteries

JCESR’s Beyond Lithium-ion Concepts Black, Adams, Nazar, Adv. Energy Mater 2, 801 (2012) L ithium-io n “Ro c king Cha ir” Che mic a l T ra nsfo rma tio n i + c yc le s b e twe e n a no de a nd c a tho de , L Re pla c e inte rc a la tio n with hig h e ne rg y sto ring a nd re le a sing e ne rg y c he mic a l re a c tio n: L i-S, L i-O, Na -S, . . . Mg ++ Multiva le nt I nte rc a la tio n No n-a q ue o us Re do x i + with F lo w Re pla c e mo no va le nt L Re pla c e so lid e le c tro de s with liq uid so lutio ns o r suspe nsio ns: di- o r tri-va le nt io ns: Mg ++ , Al +++ , . . . lo we r c o st, hig he r c a pa c ity, g re a te r fle xib ility Do ub le o r triple c a pa c ity sto re d a nd re le a se d 21

Further Reading JCESR First Year Accomplishments In its first year, the JCESR partnership has moved from launch to full operation and is now producing groundbreaking research. MORE Webpage http://www.jcesr.org/ Review Article https://anl.app.box.com/s/wixxv7f3mg9ev3t926rc http://arxiv.org/abs/1411.7042 May contain trade secrets or commercial or financial information that is privileged or confidential and exempt from public disclosure. 22 5/28/2015