J OINT C ENTER FOR E NERGY S TORAGE R ESEARCH Becoming Energy - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
J OINT C ENTER FOR E NERGY S TORAGE R ESEARCH Becoming Energy Efficient George Crabtree Director, Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR) Argonne National Laboratory University of Illinois at Chicago Outline Energy Sources and Uses
ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH
Director, Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR)
Argonne National Laboratory University of Illinois at Chicago
Outline Energy Sources and Uses Transportation and Electricity Grid Big Energy Changes Shale, Conventional, Electric and Hydrogen Cars, Wind and Solar Electricity What Can One Person Do? Next Generation Batteries
Holland’s Energy Future Holland MI April 28, 2015
Electricity 67% rejected Transportation 79% rejected
EIA Monthly Energy Review Table 2.1 (May 2014)
EPA
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghge
missions/sources/electricity.html
~ 60% o f e ne rg y use a nd GHG e missio ns fro m e le c tric ity a nd tra nspo rta tio n
fifty ye a rs
Ste ve n Chu a nd Arun Ma jumda r, Na ture 488, 294 (2012)
Ab unda nt wo rld wide so urc e s I ne xpe nsive L
tha n c o a l o r o il
$/ MBT U pe a k 05-08: $12 no n-pe a k 05-08: $8 Sinc e Ja n 2012: $2 - $4 So urc e : E
I A
lo we r c a rb o n e missio ns e ne rg y se c urity dive rsity o f so urc e s a nd use s
re plac e c o al fo r po we r pro duc tio n
EIA :Monthly Energy Review Table 3.1 Sep 2014
http://www.c2es.org/federal/executive/vehicle- standardsAgreement 2ith 13 automakers, Aug 28, 2012
CAFE Standards 1978 - 2026
Cars Trucks
Vehicle Miles Driven 1971 – 2014
blue=recession
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/- wGRACDgtnC0/U6rny_IFHGI/AAAAAAAAfhI/ybr8m _o1oog/s1600/VehicleMilesApr2014.jpg
Trillions of Miles 1971 2008-2009 2014
+ + + + + + + +
H2 H2O O2 tesla motors
re ne wa b le , nuc le a r e le c tric ity pro duc tio n re ne wa b le hydro g e n pro duc tio n
(to mo rro w)
e le c tric mo to r re pla c e s g a so line e ng ine
battery fuel cell High pressure hydrogen storage
re fo rming me tha ne CH
4
(to d a a y)
c o a l, g a s e le c tric ity pro duc tio n
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/17/automobiles/h ydrogen-fuel-cell-cars-return-for-another- run.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&modu le=mini-moth®ion=top-stories- below&WT.nav=top-stories-below
300 200 100 Grams CO2/km
Coal Oil Gas Solar Nuclear wind Hydro Geothermal
Ga so line c a rs
Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Electric Cars by Generation Source
1200 1000 800 600 400 200
Grams CO2/kWh Coal Oil Gas Solar Nuclear wind Hydro Geothermal
Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Electricity Generation by Source
Ca rb o n Dio xide E missio ns E le c tric vs Ga so line Ca rs
UCS State of Charge (2012) http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/clean_vehicles/ele ctric-car-global-warming-emissions-report.pdf
E ne rg y Use
4.00 3.00 1.00 Gasoline Cars
Energy Efficiency of Electric and Gasoline Cars
2.00
MJ/km Tesla Model S BMW i3 Nissan Leaf Chevy Volt
0.12 0.09 0.03
Tesla Model S BMW i3 Nissan Leaf Chevy Volt
Gasoline Cars
@USD $3.00/gal
Cost per km Electric and Gasoline Cars
0.06
USD $/km
@USD $0.06-0.18/kWh
Ope ra ting Co st
E ne rg y Use a nd Ope ra ting Co st E le c tric vs Ga so line Ca rs
http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/findacar.shtml
Rang e
Che vy Vo lt: 38 mile s o n sing le c ha rg e Nissa n L e a f: 84 mile s o n sing le c ha rg e BMW i3 81 mile s o n sing le c ha rg e T e sla Mo de l S: 208 mile s o n sing le c ha rg e Ho nda Ac c o rd: 533 mile s o n sing le tank
5x hig he r b a tte ry e ne rg y de nsity
16 kWh 80 kWh
x5 Purc hase Pric e (2015)
Che vy Vo lt: $34 170 – $36 700 Nissa n L e a f: $29 010 - $35 120 BMW i3: $42 400 - $46 250 T e sla Mo de l S: $69 900 Ho nda Ac c o rd: $22 105 - $33 630 Adde d c o st drive n b y la rg e b a tte rie s
1/ 5 5x lo we r b a tte ry c o st
http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/findacar.shtml http://www.cars.com/
source: EPRI
1880 2020 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 0.0 10 20 30 40 1900
c o a l g a s he a t me c ha nic a l mo tio n e le c tric ity
c o mmunic a tio n d ig ita l e le c tro nic s lig hting he a ting re frig e ra tio n
tra nspo rta tio n industry nuc le a r fissio n
35% o f prima ry e ne rg y 34% o f CO 2 e missio ns 63% o f e ne rg y lo st
hydro wind fue l c e lls so la r e le c tric so la r the rma l
c le a n, e ffic ie nt, ve rsa tile a c c o mmo da te s ma ny so urc e s a nd use s fo ssil a nd re ne wa b le
e - e -
lo a d
po we r g rid
e le c tric ve hic le s
ne rg y se c urity Via b le te c hno lo g ie s
Re maining sc ie nc e c halle ng e s impro ve e ffic ie nc y lo we r c o st
20 10 30 40 50 60
Cumulative Installed Capacity
Ave output: 17 GW US ave use: 450 GW ~ 3.8% of US electricity 15% growth/yr 40% wind and solar electricity by 2030
One o r two c a lm da ys pe r mo nth Wind stro ng e r a t nig ht Wind do e s no t fo llo w diurna l pa tte rn Ba c k up the wind fa rm with b a tte ry $ = 5x g a s pla nt $
http://www.windbyte.co.uk/windpower.html
g a s pla nt
demand wind
http://www.autoevolution.com/news/fir st-images-with-teslas-home-battery- leaked-could-be-rated-at-more-than-400- kwh-94019.html
Sto re e xc e ss e le c tric ity in ho me b a tte ry fo r la te r use Use 40% le ss e le c tric ity fro m g rid
http://physics.illinois.edu/outreach/zero-net-energy-house/
Solar panels Geothermal heating and cooling Weatherizing Efficient appliances Chevy Volt Tesla Model S
From the grid: 3883 kWh To the grid: 5760 kWh
Net zero energy house and car? Scorecard 2014: coldest winter in history
Scott Willenbrock, UIUC
1929 Colonial house
400 Wh/kg 400 Wh/L 800 W/kg 800 W/L 1000 cycles 80% DoD C/5
EUCAR
95% round-trip efficiency at C/5 rate 7000 cycles C/5
Safety equivalent to a natural gas turbine
Visio n
T ra nsfo rm tra nspo rta tio n a nd the e le c tric ity g rid with hig h pe rfo rma nc e , lo w c o st e ne rg y sto ra g e
Missio n
De live r e le c tric a l e ne rg y sto ra g e with five time s the e ne rg y de nsity a nd o ne -fifth the c o st o f to da y’ s c o mme rc ia l b a tte rie s within five ye a rs
L e gac ie s
phe no me na o f e ne rg y sto ra g e a t a to mic a nd mo le c ula r le ve ls
wo prototype s, one for tra nsporta tion a nd one for the e le c tric ity g rid, tha t, whe n sc a le d up to ma nufa c turing , ha ve the po te ntia l
to me e t JCE SR’ s tra nsfo rma tive g o a ls
sc ie nc e , b a tte ry de sig n, re se a rc h pro to typing a nd ma nufa c turing c o lla b o ra tio n in a sing le hig hly inte ra c tive
21
Multiva le nt I nte rc a la tio n Che mic a l T ra nsfo rma tio n
Re pla c e mo no va le nt L i+ with di- o r tri-va le nt io ns: Mg ++, Al+++, . . .
Do ub le o r triple c a pa c ity sto re d a nd re le a se d
Re pla c e so lid e le c tro de s with liq uid so lutio ns o r suspe nsio ns:
lo we r c o st, hig he r c a pa c ity, g re a te r fle xib ility
No n-a q ue o us Re do x F lo w
Black, Adams, Nazar, Adv. Energy Mater 2, 801 (2012)
Mg++
L ithium-io n “Ro c king Cha ir”
L i+ c yc le s b e twe e n a no de a nd c a tho de , sto ring a nd re le a sing e ne rg y
Re pla c e inte rc a la tio n with hig h e ne rg y c he mic a l re a c tio n: L
i-S, L i-O, Na -S, . . .
5/28/2015 May contain trade secrets or commercial or financial information that is privileged or confidential and exempt from public disclosure.
22
JCESR First Year Accomplishments
In its first year, the JCESR partnership has moved from launch to full operation and is now producing groundbreaking research.
MORE
http://www.jcesr.org/
https://anl.app.box.com/s/wixxv7f3mg9ev3t926rc http://arxiv.org/abs/1411.7042
Vision:
T ra nsfo rm tra nspo rta tio n a nd e le c tric ity g rid with hig h pe rfo rma nc e , lo w c o st e ne rg y sto ra g e
Mission: De live r e le c tric a l e ne rg y sto ra g e with five time s the e ne rg y
de nsity a nd o ne -fifth the c o st
L e gac ie s: A libr ar y of the fundame ntal sc ie nc e o f the ma te ria ls a nd phe no me na o f
e ne rg y sto ra g e a t a to mic a nd mo le c ula r le ve ls
T wo pr
tr anspor tation and one for the e le c tr ic ity gr id, tha t,
whe n sc a le d up to ma nufa c turing , ha ve the po te ntia l to me e t JCE SR’ s pe rfo rma nc e a nd c o st g o a ls
A ne w par adigm for batte r y R&D tha t inte g ra te s disc o ve ry sc ie nc e , b a tte ry
de sig n, re se a rc h pro to typing a nd ma nufa c turing c o lla b o ra tio n in a sing le hig hly inte ra c tive o rg a niza tio n
Mo re o n JCE SR we b site www.jc e sr.o rg