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J OINT C ENTER FOR E NERGY S TORAGE R ESEARCH Becoming Energy Efficient George Crabtree Director, Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR) Argonne National Laboratory University of Illinois at Chicago Outline Energy Sources and Uses


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SLIDE 1

JOINT CENTER FOR

ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH

Becoming Energy Efficient

George Crabtree

Director, Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR)

Argonne National Laboratory University of Illinois at Chicago

Outline Energy Sources and Uses Transportation and Electricity Grid Big Energy Changes Shale, Conventional, Electric and Hydrogen Cars, Wind and Solar Electricity What Can One Person Do? Next Generation Batteries

Holland’s Energy Future Holland MI April 28, 2015

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SLIDE 2

Energy Determines Aspirations and Limitations of Life

E ne rg y

the prime mo ve r o f so c ie ty

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SLIDE 3

Electricity 67% rejected Transportation 79% rejected

US Energy Flow 2013

Sources Uses Efficiency

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SLIDE 4

Energy Use 2013

EIA Monthly Energy Review Table 2.1 (May 2014)

GHG Emissions 2012

EPA

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghge

missions/sources/electricity.html

~ 60% o f e ne rg y use a nd GHG e missio ns fro m e le c tric ity a nd tra nspo rta tio n

Energy Use and GHG Emissions

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SLIDE 5

The World in Fifty Years . . .

. . . de pe nds o n the e ne rg y c ho ic e s we de ve lo p no w

wo o d c o a l

  • il

g a s

fifty ye a rs

Ste ve n Chu a nd Arun Ma jumda r, Na ture 488, 294 (2012)

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SLIDE 6

Shale and Hydraulic Fracturing

Ab unda nt wo rld wide so urc e s I ne xpe nsive L

  • we r c a rb o n e missio ns

tha n c o a l o r o il

$/ MBT U pe a k 05-08: $12 no n-pe a k 05-08: $8 Sinc e Ja n 2012: $2 - $4 So urc e : E

I A

Game Chang e r

lo we r c a rb o n e missio ns e ne rg y se c urity dive rsity o f so urc e s a nd use s

re plac e c o al fo r po we r pro duc tio n

  • il fo r transpo rtatio n

52% 24% US Natural Gas Production 1990 - 2040 Trillion cu ft 20 40 2040 2020 2000 2012 Shale Gas

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SLIDE 7

Shale Dramatically Reduces US Oil Imports

~ 60% ~ 25%

EIA :Monthly Energy Review Table 3.1 Sep 2014

recession fracking Reduces foreign oil imports Little effect

  • n efficiency

US Oil 1949 - 2013

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SLIDE 8

Conventional Transportation

Trends are positive Cars are becoming more efficient We drive less

http://www.c2es.org/federal/executive/vehicle- standardsAgreement 2ith 13 automakers, Aug 28, 2012

CAFE Standards 1978 - 2026

Cars Trucks

Vehicle Miles Driven 1971 – 2014

blue=recession

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/- wGRACDgtnC0/U6rny_IFHGI/AAAAAAAAfhI/ybr8m _o1oog/s1600/VehicleMilesApr2014.jpg

Trillions of Miles 1971 2008-2009 2014

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SLIDE 9

Electrified Transportation

+ + + + + + + +

e-

H2 H2O O2 tesla motors

re ne wa b le , nuc le a r e le c tric ity pro duc tio n re ne wa b le hydro g e n pro duc tio n

(to mo rro w)

e le c tric mo to r re pla c e s g a so line e ng ine

battery fuel cell High pressure hydrogen storage

re fo rming me tha ne CH

4

(to d a a y)

c o a l, g a s e le c tric ity pro duc tio n

2015 Toyota Mirai Fuel Cell Car

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/17/automobiles/h ydrogen-fuel-cell-cars-return-for-another- run.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&modu le=mini-moth&region=top-stories- below&WT.nav=top-stories-below

Tesla Model S

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SLIDE 10

How Much Better are Electric Cars?

300 200 100 Grams CO2/km

Coal Oil Gas Solar Nuclear wind Hydro Geothermal

Ga so line c a rs

Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Electric Cars by Generation Source

1200 1000 800 600 400 200

Grams CO2/kWh Coal Oil Gas Solar Nuclear wind Hydro Geothermal

Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Electricity Generation by Source

Ca rb o n Dio xide E missio ns E le c tric vs Ga so line Ca rs

UCS State of Charge (2012) http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/clean_vehicles/ele ctric-car-global-warming-emissions-report.pdf

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SLIDE 11

E ne rg y Use

4.00 3.00 1.00 Gasoline Cars

Energy Efficiency of Electric and Gasoline Cars

2.00

MJ/km Tesla Model S BMW i3 Nissan Leaf Chevy Volt

0.12 0.09 0.03

Tesla Model S BMW i3 Nissan Leaf Chevy Volt

Gasoline Cars

@USD $3.00/gal

Cost per km Electric and Gasoline Cars

0.06

USD $/km

@USD $0.06-0.18/kWh

Ope ra ting Co st

How Much Better are Electric Cars?

E ne rg y Use a nd Ope ra ting Co st E le c tric vs Ga so line Ca rs

http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/findacar.shtml

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SLIDE 12

Electric Car Challenges

Rang e

Che vy Vo lt: 38 mile s o n sing le c ha rg e Nissa n L e a f: 84 mile s o n sing le c ha rg e BMW i3 81 mile s o n sing le c ha rg e T e sla Mo de l S: 208 mile s o n sing le c ha rg e Ho nda Ac c o rd: 533 mile s o n sing le tank

5x hig he r b a tte ry e ne rg y de nsity

16 kWh 80 kWh

x5 Purc hase Pric e (2015)

Che vy Vo lt: $34 170 – $36 700 Nissa n L e a f: $29 010 - $35 120 BMW i3: $42 400 - $46 250 T e sla Mo de l S: $69 900 Ho nda Ac c o rd: $22 105 - $33 630 Adde d c o st drive n b y la rg e b a tte rie s

$

$

1/ 5 5x lo we r b a tte ry c o st

http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/findacar.shtml http://www.cars.com/

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SLIDE 13

40% of US primary energy devoted to electricity production

Electricity - the Great Enabler

source: EPRI

1880 2020 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 0.0 10 20 30 40 1900

%

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SLIDE 14

Electricity as a Sustainable Energy Carrier

c o a l g a s he a t me c ha nic a l mo tio n e le c tric ity

c o mmunic a tio n d ig ita l e le c tro nic s lig hting he a ting re frig e ra tio n

tra nspo rta tio n industry nuc le a r fissio n

35% o f prima ry e ne rg y 34% o f CO 2 e missio ns 63% o f e ne rg y lo st

hydro wind fue l c e lls so la r e le c tric so la r the rma l

c le a n, e ffic ie nt, ve rsa tile a c c o mmo da te s ma ny so urc e s a nd use s fo ssil a nd re ne wa b le

e - e -

lo a d

po we r g rid

e le c tric ve hic le s

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SLIDE 15

Wind and Solar Electricity

✓ Sta b le c lima te ✓ E

ne rg y se c urity Via b le te c hno lo g ie s

  • n de plo yme nt pa th

Re maining sc ie nc e c halle ng e s impro ve e ffic ie nc y lo we r c o st

GW

20 10 30 40 50 60

US Wind and Solar Electricity

Cumulative Installed Capacity

wind solar

Ave output: 17 GW US ave use: 450 GW ~ 3.8% of US electricity 15% growth/yr  40% wind and solar electricity by 2030

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SLIDE 16

Energy Storage Enables Variable Wind and Solar Generation

One o r two c a lm da ys pe r mo nth Wind stro ng e r a t nig ht Wind do e s no t fo llo w diurna l pa tte rn Ba c k up the wind fa rm with b a tte ry $ = 5x g a s pla nt $

http://www.windbyte.co.uk/windpower.html

g a s pla nt

demand wind

  • utput
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SLIDE 17

Conventional Solar House

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SLIDE 18

Solar Panel on Roof Battery in Basement

Home Battery

http://www.autoevolution.com/news/fir st-images-with-teslas-home-battery- leaked-could-be-rated-at-more-than-400- kwh-94019.html

Sto re e xc e ss e le c tric ity in ho me b a tte ry fo r la te r use Use 40% le ss e le c tric ity fro m g rid

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SLIDE 19

What Can One Person Do?

http://physics.illinois.edu/outreach/zero-net-energy-house/

Solar panels Geothermal heating and cooling Weatherizing Efficient appliances Chevy Volt Tesla Model S

From the grid: 3883 kWh To the grid: 5760 kWh

Net zero energy house and car? Scorecard 2014: coldest winter in history

  • f Chicago

Scott Willenbrock, UIUC

1929 Colonial house

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SLIDE 20

TRANSPORTATION GRID

$100/kWh

400 Wh/kg 400 Wh/L 800 W/kg 800 W/L 1000 cycles 80% DoD C/5

15 yr calendar life

EUCAR

$100/kWh

95% round-trip efficiency at C/5 rate 7000 cycles C/5

20 yr calendar life

Safety equivalent to a natural gas turbine

JCESR Has Transformative Goals

Visio n

T ra nsfo rm tra nspo rta tio n a nd the e le c tric ity g rid with hig h pe rfo rma nc e , lo w c o st e ne rg y sto ra g e

Missio n

De live r e le c tric a l e ne rg y sto ra g e with five time s the e ne rg y de nsity a nd o ne -fifth the c o st o f to da y’ s c o mme rc ia l b a tte rie s within five ye a rs

L e gac ie s

  • A libra ry of the funda me nta l sc ie nc e o f the ma te ria ls a nd

phe no me na o f e ne rg y sto ra g e a t a to mic a nd mo le c ula r le ve ls

  • T

wo prototype s, one for tra nsporta tion a nd one for the e le c tric ity g rid, tha t, whe n sc a le d up to ma nufa c turing , ha ve the po te ntia l

to me e t JCE SR’ s tra nsfo rma tive g o a ls

  • A ne w pa ra dig m for ba tte ry R&D tha t inte g ra te s disc o ve ry

sc ie nc e , b a tte ry de sig n, re se a rc h pro to typing a nd ma nufa c turing c o lla b o ra tio n in a sing le hig hly inte ra c tive

  • rg a niza tio n

JCESR: Focus exclusively on beyond lithium-ion batteries

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SLIDE 21

21

JCESR’s Beyond Lithium-ion Concepts

Multiva le nt I nte rc a la tio n Che mic a l T ra nsfo rma tio n

Re pla c e mo no va le nt L i+ with di- o r tri-va le nt io ns: Mg ++, Al+++, . . .

Do ub le o r triple c a pa c ity sto re d a nd re le a se d

Re pla c e so lid e le c tro de s with liq uid so lutio ns o r suspe nsio ns:

lo we r c o st, hig he r c a pa c ity, g re a te r fle xib ility

No n-a q ue o us Re do x F lo w

Black, Adams, Nazar, Adv. Energy Mater 2, 801 (2012)

Mg++

L ithium-io n “Ro c king Cha ir”

L i+ c yc le s b e twe e n a no de a nd c a tho de , sto ring a nd re le a sing e ne rg y

Re pla c e inte rc a la tio n with hig h e ne rg y c he mic a l re a c tio n: L

i-S, L i-O, Na -S, . . .

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SLIDE 22

5/28/2015 May contain trade secrets or commercial or financial information that is privileged or confidential and exempt from public disclosure.

22

JCESR First Year Accomplishments

In its first year, the JCESR partnership has moved from launch to full operation and is now producing groundbreaking research.

MORE

Webpage

http://www.jcesr.org/

Review Article

https://anl.app.box.com/s/wixxv7f3mg9ev3t926rc http://arxiv.org/abs/1411.7042

Further Reading

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SLIDE 23

http://ei.phy.uic.edu/resources/energy_science_society.pdf

Further Reading Fifty Year Energy

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SLIDE 24

Perspective

Vision:

T ra nsfo rm tra nspo rta tio n a nd e le c tric ity g rid with hig h pe rfo rma nc e , lo w c o st e ne rg y sto ra g e

Mission: De live r e le c tric a l e ne rg y sto ra g e with five time s the e ne rg y

de nsity a nd o ne -fifth the c o st

 Be yond lithium ion

L e gac ie s: A libr ar y of the fundame ntal sc ie nc e o f the ma te ria ls a nd phe no me na o f

e ne rg y sto ra g e a t a to mic a nd mo le c ula r le ve ls

T wo pr

  • totype s, one for

tr anspor tation and one for the e le c tr ic ity gr id, tha t,

whe n sc a le d up to ma nufa c turing , ha ve the po te ntia l to me e t JCE SR’ s pe rfo rma nc e a nd c o st g o a ls

A ne w par adigm for batte r y R&D tha t inte g ra te s disc o ve ry sc ie nc e , b a tte ry

de sig n, re se a rc h pro to typing a nd ma nufa c turing c o lla b o ra tio n in a sing le hig hly inte ra c tive o rg a niza tio n

  • A b o ld ne w a ppro a c h to b a tte ry R&D
  • Ac c e le ra te the pa c e o f disc o ve ry a nd inno va tio n
  • Bring the c o mmunity to the b e yo nd lithium-io n o ppo rtunity

Mo re o n JCE SR we b site www.jc e sr.o rg