Is it necessary to perform a controlled Is it necessary to perform a - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Is it necessary to perform a controlled Is it necessary to perform a controlled cooling phase at the end of a conventional kiln drying process? y g p

Knut Magnar Sandland Knut Magnar Sandland Ylva Steiner Henning Horn Henning Horn

Norsk Treteknisk Institutt www treteknisk no Norsk Treteknisk Institutt, www.treteknisk.no

Background Background

• A conventional wood drying process performed in a batch kiln

chamber, normally includes a controlled cooling phase

• EMC is equal to the desired MC in the wood
• Duration of 5-8 hours
• The dry bulb temperature in the kiln is about 40 °C at the end
• Traditional arguments
• Avoid undesired drying of the outer layer
• Avoid undesired drying of the outer layer
• Possible risk for cracks/micro cracks to form in the wood surface
• Possible risk for new development of casehardening
• Contribute to reduce the variation in MC
• It is, however, more and more important to reduce the drying costs
• Is it possible to cut the controlled cooling phase?
• The aim of this investigation is therefore to
• detect possible consequences of the drying stresses that can
• ccur in the outer layer of sawn timber in cooling phases

performed in various ways.

• development of casehardening
• possible cracks/micro cracks were

Test material Test material

• Norway spruce (Picea abies)
• Dimension 44 mm x 150 mm
• 5 main planks with
• Cut into test pieces with a length of 1 m
• 3 test runs are performed
• In each kiln run, one test piece from each

main plank was used, i.e. five test pieces in each run

• 2 test runs will be performed further

Kiln drying Kiln drying

• Laboratory kiln at Norsk Treteknisk Institutt
• Constant dry bulb temperature of 75 °C
• Decreasing wet bulb temperature
• Equalising phase of 24 hours
• Target MC in the three runs was
• 16 %
• 14 %
• 12 %

Cooling phase Type 1 Cooling phase Type 1

• Traditional cooling phase in the kiln, down

to about 40 °C. EMC th t d t th t t MC

• EMC that corresponds to the target MC
• After the controlled cooling phase, the test

pieces were exposed to outdoor climate pieces were exposed to outdoor climate (temp.: 0-4 °C, RH: 75-90 %)

80 50 60 70 80 C] 20 30 40

• Temp. [°C

10 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Time in the drying process [hours]

Cooling phase Type 2 Cooling phase Type 2

• Conditions comparable to what is the

situation in the middle of a package that is i t i t ld li t di tl f coming out into cold climate directly from the drying/equalising phase in the kiln

• Temperature and RH were measured in a

timber package at a sawmill timber package at a sawmill

• Drying temperature of 70 °C
• The timber was taken directly out into the cold

y climate without any cooling phase in the kiln

Type 2 – climate in the middle

• f a package during cooling

100 20 Temp. RH EMC 75 H [%] 15 50

• mp. [°C] / RH

10 EMC [%] 25 Tem 5 5 10 15 20 25 30 Time [hours] Time [hours]

Type 2 Type 2

• The sawn timber in the middle of the package is

exposed to climatic conditions which will give a drying potential for several hours drying potential for several hours

• The length of this period will also depend on the

wind conditions

• The sawn timber in the outer layer in the package

will be exposed to the normal outdoor climate the whole time

• It will be a gradual change from these two

conditions from the outer to the inner layer in the sawn timber packages sawn timber packages

• In the experiments, a climate chamber was used to

attain the climate shown in the figure

Cooling phase Type 3 Cooling phase Type 3

• Directly into a freezer at -18 °C after the

drying and equalising phase in the kiln

• This represents timber in the outer layer of

ti b k th t t k sawn timber packages that are taken directly out into very cold climate, without any cooling phase in the kiln any cooling phase in the kiln

Cooling phase Type 4 Cooling phase Type 4

• Directly to outdoor climate
• The climate during the test days varied

from 0-4 °C, and RH of 75-90 %

• This represents timber in the outer layer of

sawn timber packages that are taken directly out into outdoor climate, without any extreme coldness and without any any extreme coldness, and without any cooling phase in the kiln

Measurement of MC and casehardening

• Casehardening
• Two-cleave-method
• MC
• Oven dry method
• Test piece cleaved into

nine lamellae

• MC gradient
• MC gradient
• Possible casehardening

development p

Detection of possible microcracks

• Macroscopic and

microscopic methods

• A blue contrast fluid

was introduced to the surface of the test surface of the test pieces

• Layers of 0 5-1 0 mm

Layers of 0.5-1.0 mm were gradually removed from the surface by sanding, to see if some kind of i k d micro cracks occurred

2 5 3,0

2,5 3,0

Controlled Uncontrolled – ”In” the package

1,5 2,0 2,5 p [mm]

1,5 2,0 2,5 ap [mm]

0,5 1,0 Ga

0,5 1,0 Ga

0,0 6 24 Time in cooling phase [hours]

0,0 24 Time in cooling phase [hours]

Uncontrolled Outdoor Uncontrolled Freezer

2 0 2,5 3,0 2 0 2,5 3,0

Uncontrolled - Outdoor Uncontrolled - Freezer

1,0 1,5 2,0 Gap [mm] 1,0 1,5 2,0 Gap [mm] 0,0 0,5 24 0,0 0,5 24 Time in cooling phase [hours] Time in cooling phase [hours]

Results Casehardening Results - Casehardening

• The casehardening level during the cooling

phases is quite stable for all the treatments

• None of the cooling phases differs from the
• ther ones in a significant way concerning

casehardening level casehardening level.

Run 1 Uncontrolled – ”In” the package

Run 2 Uncontrolled – ”In” the package

Run 2 Uncontrolled – ”In” the package

20 16 18

After cooling

12 14 MC [%]

Before cooling

10 12 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lamella no.

Results Microcracks Results - Microcracks

• It has not been possible to detect micro

cracks in the test pieces

• Bigger cracks have not occurred either

Conclusions Conclusions

• The casehardening level during the cooling phases

is quite stable for all the treatments

• No cracks or micro cracks occurred

No cracks or micro cracks occurred

• Reservations must be taken concerning this

conclusion

• Only Norway spruce is included, and limited

number of observations in the tests

• Two more kiln runs will be performed in the project
• The results are not yet verified by industrial tests
• The possible positive effect of a controlled cooling

process concerning equalising of the MC between process concerning equalising of the MC between planks/boards in a kiln is not investigated

• Industrial tests have to be performed

Acknow ledgement Acknow ledgement

• The project work is funded by
• The Norwegian Kiln Drying Club
• The Research Council of Norway