IS ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW 2110684 Information System Architecture - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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IS ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW 2110684 Information System Architecture - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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2110684 - IS Architecture Overview IS ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW 2110684 Information System Architecture Natawut Nupairoj, Ph.D. Course Plan Overview and Background Concepts Core Infrastructure System Management / Security / Tuning

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2110684 - IS Architecture Overview

IS ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW

2110684 Information System Architecture Natawut Nupairoj, Ph.D.

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Course Plan

Overview and Background Concepts Core Infrastructure System Management / Security / Tuning

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Things That Architects Can Do

Plan technology direction and set technology standards Help you figure out which technologies you should support. Review plans, designs and purchases Assess how well a plan aligns with current direction and desired future

positions.

Identify opportunities to reuse components and services. Leverage enterprise contracts and license agreements. Integrate shared services where they might be cost-effective. Review business organization and business processes Technical Architecture: align your technology plan with enterprise goals,

business plans and business processes.

Enterprise Architecture: align your business plans, business process and

technology plan with your enterprise goals. From Don Jerman, “Architecture Review Processes”

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Most common information today?

Data records Structured data Text, web pages, documents Unstructured, or semi-structured data Images, video, music, voice,…. Multimedia data, multimedia documents Spatial/geographic data Maps, spatial analysis data, census data, etc.

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Real World Example: Twitter

SMS of the Internet Sending short 140-character message

to followers

Start in 2006 From 120,000 tweets/month (in 2007)

to 1,500,000,000 tweets/day (in 2010) - 750 tweets/second

300,000 new subscribers a day Just reach 20,000,000,000 tweets in

July 31st, 2010 (a Japanese graphic designer)

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Twitter vs. World Cup 2010

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What is Infrastructure ?

Infrastructure:

“the structure beneath a structure”

public utilities e.g. water, electricity, telephone, etc. Infrastructure is usually shared and layer-based. Lower layers are more static and permanent than upper layers. Layers are independent in term of lifecycles (plan, build, run,

change, exit) and ownership.

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Layers of Infrastructure

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What is IT Infrastructure ?

IT Infrastructure:

“the structure of IT systems that supports IS, which comprise of IT components, the externally visible properties of those components, and the relationships among them” among them”

Consist of both Hardware and Software. Always rely on other infrastructure e.g. Data Center, Building, etc.

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Layers of IT Infrastructure

IT NOT Infrastructure IT Infrastructure Other Infrastructure

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IT Infrastructure

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Base Infrastructure

Servers: Web server, Application server, Database server, … Storage: Main storage, secondary storage, backup, … Networks: Internet, Intranet, proprietary networks, … Security: Network security equipment, data encryption, …

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Server

Workhorse of IT system

shares a resource (e.g. files) to one or more clients

Must be high-performance, robust, and reliable

Using high-grade components Using high-grade components Fast and large RAM High I/O (e.g. FC) and network bandwidths Redundant power supply

Often installed on racks

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Rack-Mount Server

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Mainframe: The Big Iron

Large, powerful computers for

running many different tasks at the same time

Highly reliable and secured

servers servers

Extensive input-output facilities Backward compatibility with

  • lder software

Support massive throughput 2110684 - IS Architecture Overview

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Real World: IBM System Z10

Announced in 2008 Capacity

Up to 64 x Quad-core

(4.4 GHz) CPUs

Up to 1.5 TB main memory

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Mainframe vs. Supercomputer

  • ptimized for simple

computations with huge amounts of external data

  • ptimized for complicated

computations that take place largely in memory

Mainframe Supercomputer

amounts of external data (e.g. payroll processing)

Can handle a wider variety

  • f tasks

Good at batch processing,

such as billing place largely in memory (e.g. weather forecasting)

built for one or a very few

specific institutional tasks (e.g. simulation and modeling)

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Blade Server

Stripped down computer servers with a modular

design

Hosted in blade enclosure

Support multiple blade servers Support multiple blade servers Provides power, cooling, networking, interconnects, and

management

Benefits

Space and power consumption optimization

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Blade Server

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Blade Server

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Storage (Hard Disk Drive)

Capacity Interface Technology

IDE (P-ATA) / SATA SCSI / SAS SCSI / SAS FC

Performance

Seek Time Data Transfer Rate

(e.g. 15K RPM)

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Network Attached Storage (NAS)

File-level data storage Connecting directly to

standard network

Standard file-based

protocols

NFS, CIFS, FTP

, HTTP

UPnP

, Rsync, …

Pros: Simple to operate

and maintain, Cheap

Cons: Performance

limitation

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Storage Area Network (SAN)

Block-level data storage Connect to proprietary

“SAN” network

Storage protocols SCSI Fiber Channel FICON Pros: High performance Cons: Expensive, complex 2110684 - IS Architecture Overview

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Storage Architecture: SAN vs. NAS

SAN: Storage Area Network NAS: Network Attached Storage

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RAID

Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks

Achieve high levels of storage reliability Using low-cost and less reliable PC-class disk-drive

components

Hot-Spare

A drive physically installed in the array which is inactive

until an active drive fails

Hot-Swapped

Ability to add/remove disks without shutting down the

system

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Popular RAID Level

RAID 0 – Striping

improved performance additional storage no redundancy or fault

no redundancy or fault tolerance

N storage capacity

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Popular RAID Level

RAID 1 – Mirroring

Provides fault tolerance

from disk errors

Up to one-disk failure Increased read

performance

Very small performance

reduction when writing

1 storage capacity

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Popular RAID Level

RAID 5 – Interleave

Parity

Distributed data to all

disks with one disk as a parity container

Good disk

performance

Up to one-disk failure N-1 storage capacity

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Backup

Make copies of data to be

restored when disaster

  • ccurs or files are

accidentally deleted

Wide-range of medias Wide-range of medias Magnetic tapes Hard disks Remote backup services

Full vs. Incremental 2110684 - IS Architecture Overview

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Data Center

A room / floor / building

that hosts computer systems

Provide Power supplies Network Environmental controls Security 2110684 - IS Architecture Overview

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Data Center Components

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Data Center Components

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Real World: Google Infrastructure

Workload

Hundreds of millions of search request per day Process about 1 petabyte of user-generated data

every hour

Support various Google products

Search, advertising, email, maps, video, chat, blogger

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Real World: Google Infrastructure

Develop its own distributed systems infrastructure

GFS MapReduce BigTable

BigTable

Use commodity hardware for cost-effective solution

Linux, in-house rack design, PC class mother boards, low

end storage

Estimated 450,000 low-cost commodity servers in 2006

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Real World: Google Infrastructure

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Real World: Google Infrastructure

  • Large volumes of cheap electricity
  • Green energy / renewable power

sources

Location Selection Criteria

  • Proximity to rivers and lakes for

cooling purposes

  • Large areas of land for more

privacy and security

  • Distance to other Google data

centers (for fast connections)

  • Tax incentives

Data Center Map (as of April 2008)

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  • spent on data centers
  • $1.9 billion in 2006
  • $2.4 billion in 2007
  • cost on the order of US$2 million per

month in electricity charges

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Issues of ISA

Infrastructure choices Transact patterns Centralized or distributed Programming languages and development Security Security Internet is a global network Security becomes very important Security infrastructure Attacking prevention: firewall, VPN, IDS Secured data transfer: encryption algorithms, security protocols

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Issues (2)

Performance

Responsiveness

How long (turn-around time) can a user tolerate ?

Scalability

If we have more users, can the system still respond within a

certain period of time ?

If we have new services, can the system provide new

services while it still meets the responsiveness criteria.

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Issues (3)

Manageability

Operational

Reliability / Availability / Downtime (including maintenance

period)

Cooling issues

Cost

Electricity

Maintainability

How difficult is it for the admins to deploy, maintain, and

upgrade the system ?

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Summary

Transact Pattern: Tier-Based Architecture IT Infrastructure

Server Storage

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Storage

Real World: Google Infrastructure Infrastructure Issues

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References

  • T. Hoff, “Google Architecture”, http://highscalability.com/google-architecture, 23

Nov 2008.

  • “Google Platform”, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_platform
  • E. Turban et al., Information Technology for Management: Transforming Business in the

Digital Economy, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002.

  • B. Robertson and V. Sribar, The Adaptive Enterprise, Intel Press, January 2002.
  • B. Robertson and V. Sribar, The Adaptive Enterprise, Intel Press, January 2002.
  • R. Peacock, “Distributed Architecture Technologies”, IEEE IT Professional, May/June

2000, pp. 58-60.

2110684 - IS Architecture Overview