INVISIBLE STIMULI Bradley N. Jack Discipline of Psychology, School - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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INVISIBLE STIMULI Bradley N. Jack Discipline of Psychology, School - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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P REDICTION OF VISION FROM INVISIBLE STIMULI Bradley N. Jack Discipline of Psychology, School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, Australia W HAT IS VISUAL MISMATCH NEGATIVITY ? Background Experiment

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SLIDE 1

PREDICTION OF VISION FROM

INVISIBLE STIMULI

Bradley N. Jack Discipline of Psychology, School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, Australia

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SLIDE 2

WHAT IS VISUAL MISMATCH NEGATIVITY?

Data from Kimura et al. (2009, 2010); Figure from Kimura (2012).

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

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SLIDE 3

WHAT IS VISUAL MISMATCH NEGATIVITY?

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Data from Kimura et al. (2009, 2010); Figure from Kimura (2012).

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SLIDE 4

WHAT IS VISUAL MISMATCH NEGATIVITY?

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Data from Kimura et al. (2009, 2010); Figure from Kimura (2012).

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SLIDE 5

WHAT IS VISUAL MISMATCH NEGATIVITY?

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Data from Kimura et al. (2009, 2010); Figure from Kimura (2012).

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SLIDE 6

WHAT IS VISUAL MISMATCH NEGATIVITY?

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Data from Kimura et al. (2009, 2010); Figure from Kimura (2012).

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SLIDE 7

WHAT IS VISUAL MISMATCH NEGATIVITY?

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Data from Kimura et al. (2009, 2010); Figure from Kimura (2012).

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SLIDE 8

WHAT IS VISUAL MISMATCH NEGATIVITY?

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Data from Kimura et al. (2009, 2010); Figure from Kimura (2012).

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SLIDE 9

WHAT IS VISUAL MISMATCH NEGATIVITY?

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Data from Kimura et al. (2009, 2010); Figure from Kimura (2012).

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SLIDE 10

WHAT IS VISUAL MISMATCH NEGATIVITY?

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Data from Kimura et al. (2009, 2010); Figure from Kimura (2012).

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SLIDE 11

WHAT IS VISUAL MISMATCH NEGATIVITY?

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Data from Kimura et al. (2009, 2010); Figure from Kimura (2012).

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SLIDE 12

VISUAL MISMATCH NEGATIVITY: A PREDICTIVE CODING INTERPRETATION

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Figure from Kimura (2012).

Visual Prefrontal

Generation of prediction signals Update of predictive models Generation of new prediction signals Top-down projection of prediction signals via feedback connections Comparison of current and predicted events Generation of prediction-error signals Bottom-up projection of prediction-error signals via feedforward connections

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SLIDE 13

ATTENTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS: TWO DISTINCT BRAIN PROCESSES

Conscious Not-conscious Attention Inattention

Figure from Koch and Tsuchiya (2007).

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

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SLIDE 14

ATTENTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS: TWO DISTINCT BRAIN PROCESSES

Conscious Not-conscious Attention Attention with Consciousness Inattention

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Figure from Koch and Tsuchiya (2007).

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ATTENTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS: TWO DISTINCT BRAIN PROCESSES

Conscious Not-conscious Attention

  • Working memory
  • Detection of unfamiliar

stimuli

  • Full reportability

Inattention

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Figure from Koch and Tsuchiya (2007).

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ATTENTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS: TWO DISTINCT BRAIN PROCESSES

Conscious Not-conscious Attention

  • Working memory
  • Detection of unfamiliar

stimuli

  • Full reportability

Inattention No attention, No consciousness

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Figure from Koch and Tsuchiya (2007).

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SLIDE 17

ATTENTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS: TWO DISTINCT BRAIN PROCESSES

Conscious Not-conscious Attention

  • Working memory
  • Detection of unfamiliar

stimuli

  • Full reportability

Inattention

  • Formation of

afterimages

  • Rapid vision
  • Zombie behaviours

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Figure from Koch and Tsuchiya (2007).

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SLIDE 18

ATTENTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS: TWO DISTINCT BRAIN PROCESSES

Conscious Not-conscious Attention

  • Working memory
  • Detection of unfamiliar

stimuli

  • Full reportability

Attention without Consciousness Inattention

  • Formation of

afterimages

  • Rapid vision
  • Zombie behaviours

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Figure from Koch and Tsuchiya (2007).

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ATTENTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS: TWO DISTINCT BRAIN PROCESSES

Conscious Not-conscious Attention

  • Working memory
  • Detection of unfamiliar

stimuli

  • Full reportability
  • Priming
  • Adaptation
  • Visual search
  • Intuition

Inattention

  • Formation of

afterimages

  • Rapid vision
  • Zombie behaviours

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Figure from Koch and Tsuchiya (2007).

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SLIDE 20

ATTENTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS: TWO DISTINCT BRAIN PROCESSES

Conscious Not-conscious Attention

  • Working memory
  • Detection of unfamiliar

stimuli

  • Full reportability
  • Priming
  • Adaptation
  • Visual search
  • Intuition

Inattention Consciousness without Attention

  • Formation of

afterimages

  • Rapid vision
  • Zombie behaviours

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Figure from Koch and Tsuchiya (2007).

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SLIDE 21

ATTENTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS: TWO DISTINCT BRAIN PROCESSES

Conscious Not-conscious Attention

  • Working memory
  • Detection of unfamiliar

stimuli

  • Full reportability
  • Priming
  • Adaptation
  • Visual search
  • Intuition

Inattention

  • Pop-out in search
  • Iconic memory
  • Gist
  • Partial reportability
  • Formation of

afterimages

  • Rapid vision
  • Zombie behaviours

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Figure from Koch and Tsuchiya (2007).

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ATTENTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS: TWO DISTINCT BRAIN PROCESSES

Conscious Not-conscious Attention Attention with Consciousness Attention without Consciousness Inattention Consciousness without Attention No attention, No consciousness

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Figure from Koch and Tsuchiya (2007).

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Conscious Not-conscious Attention Attention with Consciousness Attention without Consciousness Inattention Consciousness without Attention No attention, No consciousness

Figure from Koch and Tsuchiya (2007).

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

ATTENTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS: TWO DISTINCT BRAIN PROCESSES

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EXPERIMENT 1: ATTENTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS

Conscious Not-conscious Attention Attention with Consciousness Attention without Consciousness Inattention Consciousness without Attention No attention, No consciousness

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Figure from Koch and Tsuchiya (2007).

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EXPERIMENT 1: BINOCULAR RIVALRY

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Blake and O’Shea (2009).

Stimulus Percept Left eye Right eye

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EXPERIMENT 1: BINOCULAR RIVALRY

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Blake and O’Shea (2009).

Stimulus Percept Left eye Right eye

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EXPERIMENT 1: BINOCULAR RIVALRY

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Blake and O’Shea (2009).

Stimulus Percept Left eye Right eye

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SLIDE 28

EXPERIMENT 1: BINOCULAR RIVALRY

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Blake and O’Shea (2009).

Stimulus Percept Left eye Right eye

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SLIDE 29

EXPERIMENT 1: BINOCULAR RIVALRY

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Blake and O’Shea (2009).

Stimulus Percept Left eye Right eye

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Oddball Sequence Deviant Percept Background Experiment Results & Discussion

EXPERIMENT 1: BINOCULAR RIVALRY

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EXPERIMENT 1: PARTICIPANT’S TASK

 Binocular rivalry

tracking task

 Press and hold left key

for horizontal

 Press and hold right

key for vertical

 Attend to fixation

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

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EXPERIMENT 1: DIFFERENCE WAVES (DEVIANT-MINUS-STANDARD)

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

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EXPERIMENT 1: GENERAL DISCUSSION

 Predictions of visual input can be violated in the

absence of visual consciousness.

 With attention, visual consciousness increases

  • ur processing of predictability of visual inputs.

 Can predictions be established in the absence of

visual consciousness? Background Experiment Results & Discussion

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EXPERIMENT 2: INATTENTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS

Conscious Not-conscious Attention Attention with Consciousness Attention without Consciousness Inattention Consciousness without Attention No attention, No consciousness

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Figure from Koch and Tsuchiya (2007).

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EXPERIMENT 2: CONTINUOUS FLASH SUPPRESSION

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Tsuchiya and Koch (2005).

Stimulus Percept Left eye Right eye

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Invisible Blocks Visible Blocks Background Experiment Results & Discussion

EXPERIMENT 2: ODDBALL SEQUENCE

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Invisible Blocks Visible Blocks Background Experiment Results & Discussion

EXPERIMENT 2: EQUIPROBABLE SEQUENCE

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SLIDE 38

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

EXPERIMENT 2: EQUIPROBABLE SEQUENCE

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EXPERIMENT 2: PARTICIPANT’S TASK

 Target-detection task  Press left key for “X”  Press right key for “O”  Target at fixation

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

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SLIDE 40

Invisible Blocks Visible Blocks Background Experiment Results & Discussion

EXPERIMENT 2: POST-TEST SEQUENCE

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SLIDE 41

EXPERIMENT 2: POST-TEST ORIENTATION TASK

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

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SLIDE 42

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Invisible Visible Percent Correct (%) Condition

EXPERIMENT 2: POST-TEST ORIENTATION TASK

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

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SLIDE 43

EXPERIMENT 2: DIFFERENCE WAVES (DEVIANT-MINUS-CONTROL)

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

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EXPERIMENT 2: GENERAL DISCUSSION

 So, can predictions be established in the absence

  • f visual consciousness?

 Yes!  Without attention, visual consciousness slows our

processing of predictability of visual inputs. Background Experiment Results & Discussion

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TAKE-HOME MESSAGES

1.

Predictions of visual input are established, tested, and updated in the absence of attention and visual consciousness.

2.

Not-conscious processing of visual input is not simply a weaker version of conscious processing

  • f visual input.

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

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SLIDE 46

THANK YOU

 Martin Reiche  Erin Corkett

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Robert P. O’Shea Urte Roeber Andreas Widmann Erich Schröger

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SLIDE 47

THANK YOU

Thank you for your attention and consciousness! Background Experiment Results & Discussion

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SLIDE 48

REFERENCES

Blake, R., & O’Shea, R. P. (2009). Binocular rivalry. In L. R. Squire (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Neuroscience (Vol. 2, pp. 179–187). Oxford: Academic Press.

Kimura, M. (2012). Visual mismatch negativity and unintentional temporal-context-based prediction in vision. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 83, 144–155.

Kimura, M., Katayama, J., Ohira, H., & Schröger, E. (2009). Visual mismatch negativity: New evidence from the equiprobable paradigm. Psychophysiology, 46, 402–409.

Kimura, M., Ohira, H., & Schröger, E. (2009). Localizing sensory and cognitive systems for pre- attentive visual deviance detection: An sLORETA analysis of the data of Kimura et al. (2009). Neuroscience Letters, 485, 198–203.

Koch, C., & Tsuchiya, N. (2007). Attention and consciousness: Two distinct brain processes. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 16–22.

Tsuchiya, N., & Koch, C. (2005). Continuous flash suppression reduces negative afterimages. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1096–1101.

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

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SLIDE 49
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VISUAL MISMATCH NEGATIVITY IS AN

AUTOMATIC BRAIN RESPONSE Background Experiment Results & Discussion

Figure from Sulykos, Kecskés-Kovács, and Czigler (2013).

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ATTENTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS: TWO

DISTINCT BRAIN PROCESSES

Conscious Not-conscious Attention

  • Working memory
  • Detection of unfamiliar

stimuli

  • Full reportability
  • Priming
  • Adaptation
  • Visual search
  • Intuition

Inattention

  • Pop-out in search
  • Iconic memory
  • Gist
  • Partial reportability
  • Formation of

afterimages

  • Rapid vision
  • Zombie behaviours

Figure adopted from Koch and Tsuchiya (2007).

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

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SLIDE 52

BINOCULAR RIVALRY AND CONTINUOUS

FLASH SUPPRESSION Background Experiment Results & Discussion

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SLIDE 53

EXPERIMENT 2: POST-TEST CONFIDENCE TASK

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

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SLIDE 54

EXPERIMENT 2: POST-TEST CONFIDENCE TASK

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

1 2 3 Not-Conscious Conscious Confidence Scores Condition

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SLIDE 55

1 2 3 Not-Conscious Conscious Confidence Scores Condition

Confidence Task

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Not-Conscious Conscious Percent Correct (%) Condition

Orientation Task

POST-TEST RESULTS

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

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SLIDE 56

TAKE-HOME MESSAGES

1.

Predictions of visual input are established, tested, and updated in the absence of attention and visual consciousness.

2.

With attention, visual consciousness increases

  • ur processing of predictability of visual inputs.

3.

Without attention, visual consciousness slows

  • ur processing of predictability of visual inputs.

Background Experiment Results & Discussion

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SLIDE 57

TAKE-HOME MESSAGES

4.

Not-conscious processing of visual input is not simply a weaker version of conscious processing

  • f visual input.

5.

Top-Down Attention ≠ Consciousness. Background Experiment Results & Discussion