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Vulnerability to Disasters: A Gendered Analysis on Water Availability and Livelihoods in Nadu Colony, Kovalam, Chennai, India Group No: 02 Sumaia Kashem Shreeya Lohani Shanmuga Priya. G Meththa Prabodhani Menike

  1. Vulnerability to Disasters: A Gendered Analysis on Water Availability and Livelihoods in Nadu Colony, Kovalam, Chennai, India Group No: 02 Sumaia Kashem • Shreeya Lohani • • Shanmuga Priya. G Meththa Prabodhani Menike •

  2. Introduction • What is Disaster vulnerability? “Vulnerability is the inability to resist a hazard or to respond when a disaster has occurred” (www.unisdr.org) • Gender and Disaster vulnerability “Both women and men are part of the same society. However, they do not have the same rights, education and options to manage, when a disaster strikes. ” (UNISDR Secretariat, 2003 )” • Livelihoods and Disasters “The concept of livelihood reflects the ability of people to sustain their daily needs on a combination of resources which are natural, physical, human, social, financial, and political in nature. These resources strongly interplay with the ability of people to face the threat of and recover from the impact of natural hazards” ( https://link.springer.com)

  3. General Research Question • How natural disasters and climate variability contribute to vulnerability of men and women in the context of water availability and use in Nadu Colony, Kovalam?

  4. Research Sub Questions • How are the climate extremes linked to people’s livelihoods? • How changes triggered by climate variability are affecting local people in the Nadu Colony? • How class, caste, religion and gender interplay in accessing water?

  5. Objectives Primary Objective • To explore the social, economical and environmental vulnerability of the Nadu Colony in Chennai to natural and human induced disasters. Secondary Objectives • To identify what kinds of natural disasters occurring in the area and their impacts on water resources • To assess the vulnerability of men and women to such disasters.

  6. Conceptual Framework

  7. Floods Water Scarcity Droughts • Inundation • Damages to houses • Water Quality and • Impact on fishing Quantity Deterioration • Interruptions to services • Non availability of fish Vulnerability • Social (Class, Caste, Religion, Gender) • Livelihood • Environment Tsunami Cyclones • Damage to houses • Damages to • Relief and houses Tourism Rehabilitation • Impact on • Alcohol Consumption programs fishing • Increasing the land value

  8. The Study Area Chennai Source: Google Earth Imagery, 2019

  9. Climatic Characteristics of Study Area • A Tropical Climate. Major rainfall season is from • October to December. • Dry season is from February to April. • Unimodal pattern of rainfall. • Average annual temperature is 28.6 °C. • Average annual rainfall is 1197 mm. Source: en.climate-data.org

  10. Vulnerability to Disasters….

  11. Frequency of Cyclone occurrence from 1891-2018 14 12 10 frequency of cyclones a) Tracks of cyclones and 8 depressions 1971-1980 severe cyclonics storms 6 cyclonic storms depressions 4 2 0 Year Source: IMD Cyclone Atlas b) Tracks of cyclones and depressions 2000-2018

  12. Impact of Tsunami - 2004 The study area which is located south of Chennai has hardly hit by Tsunami in 2004

  13. Impact of Floods https://www.thehindu.com

  14. Methodology

  15. Transect Walk Methodology Study Area Selection Secondary Data/ Primary Data Information Collection Qualitative Quantitative Data Data Resource Mapping IDI KPI Field Questionnaire Survey Time Use with Men and (03) (03) Observations (14 Households) Survey for Women Peak and Lean Season Data Analysis and Interpretations Impacts of Disasters on Men and Women and their livelihoods

  16. Types of Activities Economic Activities Non-Economic Activities SNA Works Non- SNA Works Domestic Activities Water Livelihood Activity Water Child Care • • Collecting Water Preparing Child • • Selling of Cooking • Prawn Catching • Feeding child • canned Washing Houses • Labor Works • Lifting Child to • water Washing Clothes • Carpentering School • Pump • Garden • Gossiping with Operator Keeper children • Welders • Painters Personal Care Free Time Recreation Social & Cultural Activities • Waking-up • • Chatting Watching • Religious • Sleeping with TV Festivals • Having Food neighbors • Praying • • Bathing Relaxing

  17. Results and Discussion General characteristics and water sources of the study area

  18. Resource Map Resource Map Male Resource Map- Female Resource maps clearly show the differences in perception of males and females on resources around them

  19. Housing Condition Housing Type Ownership of House 15% 14% 21% owned Kutcha Semi Pucca 22% rented Pucca 64% 64%

  20. Family Type Family type 29% 71% Man-headed Women-headed

  21. How Disaster Impacts the Area • The locality is near to the backwater of the sea. Over time period, it is getting polluted day by day. • Again disconnection with the sea during drought • & dry period has made the water totally saline. So people are shifted from their occupation, • fishing. Backwater • Again with the exploitation of groundwater rather than recharge, the waterbodies in the area got dried and became saline. • For this they have to face two climatic extremities Peak period(highest rainfall period) Lean period(Driest Period) Polluted water infront of SC people Polluted water in well

  22. Primary sources of water Primary Sources of Drinking Water Primary Sources of Domestic Water 7% 14% 14% 7% 7% 7% 14% 14% Lean 21% 50% 22% Lean Period Peak Period Period 57% 29% 15% 93% 29% Tap water tank water ponds private wells Can Water public well rain water

  23. Secondary Sources of Water 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Lean drinking Peak drinking Lean Domestic Peak Domestic Tap water 1 0 3 2 Public well 1 1 2 0 Pond 2 2 1 3 Rain water 0 1 0 1 Tank water 0 2 2 6

  24. Well Water Tank Water Tap Water Can Water

  25. Time Use Survey

  26. Gender Division of Labour Seasonal Variation of Male Activities Seasonal Variation of Female Activities 1.200 0.800 1.000 0.700 0.600 0.800 0.500 0.600 0.400 0.300 0.400 0.200 0.200 0.100 0.000 0.000 SNA Activities (Female lean) Non-SNA Activities (Female lean) SNA Activities(Male lean) Non-SNA Activities (Male lean) SNA Activities (Female peak) Non-SNA Activities (Female peak) SNA Activities (Male Peak) Non-SNA Activities (Male Peak)

  27. Variation of Activities of Peak Season Variation of Activities in lean Period 1.200 0.800 1.000 0.700 0.800 0.600 0.500 0.600 0.400 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.200 0.100 0.000 0.000 6 AM- 7 AM 7 AM- 8 AM 8 AM- 9 AM 9 AM- 10 AM 10 AM- 11 AM 11AM- 12 PM 12 PM- 1 PM 1PM- 2PM 2PM- 3PM 3PM- 4PM 4PM- 5PM 5PM- 6PM 6PM-7PM 7PM- 8PM 8PM- 9PM 9PM- 10PM 10PM-11PM 11PM- 12AM 12AM- 1 AM 1 AM- 2 AM 2 AM- 3AM 3 AM- 4 AM 4 AM- 5 AM 5 AM- 6 AM SNA Activities(Male lean) Non-SNA Activities (Male lean) SNA Activities (Male Peak) Non-SNA Activities (Male Peak) SNA Activities (Female lean) Non-SNA Activities (Female lean) SNA Activities (Female peak) Non-SNA Activities (Female peak)

  28. 6 AM- 7 AM 7 AM- 8 AM 8 AM- 9 AM 9 AM- 10 AM 10 AM- 11 AM 11AM- 12 PM 12 PM- 1 PM 1PM- 2PM 2PM- 3PM 3PM- 4PM Lean 4PM- 5PM 5PM- 6PM 6PM-7PM 7PM- 8PM 8PM- 9PM 9PM- 10PM 10PM-11PM 11PM- 12AM 12AM- 1 AM Non SNA Activity of Female Non SNA Activity of Male 1 AM- 2 AM 2 AM- 3AM 3 AM- 4 AM 4 AM- 5 AM 5 AM- 6 AM 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 6 AM- 7 AM 7 AM- 8 AM 8 AM- 9 AM 9 AM- 10 AM 10 AM- 11 AM 11AM- 12 PM 12 PM- 1 PM 1PM- 2PM 2PM- 3PM 3PM- 4PM Peak 4PM- 5PM 5PM- 6PM 6PM-7PM 7PM- 8PM 8PM- 9PM 9PM- 10PM 10PM-11PM 11PM- 12AM 12AM- 1 AM 1 AM- 2 AM 2 AM- 3AM 3 AM- 4 AM 4 AM- 5 AM 5 AM- 6 AM

  29. Lean Peak 0.700 0.600 1.200 1.000 0.500 0.800 0.400 0.600 0.300 0.400 0.200 0.200 0.100 0.000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 0.000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 SNA Activities(Male lean) SNA Activities (Female lean) SNA Activities (Male Peak) SNA Activities (Female peak) SNA Activity of Male SNA Activity of Female

  30. Ranking of households based on Economic Index derived on ownership and type of houses Type of Stories of Ownership of weightage Category Ranking Richest House building house Pucca 1 Owned 1 1 Semi pucca 2 Owned 2 Higher Class Semi pucca 1 Owned 3 Pucca 2 Rented 4 2 Middle Class Pucca 1 Owned 4 Semi pucca 1 Rented 5 Semi pucca 1 Donated 6 3 Poorest Kutcha 1 Owned 7 Lower Class

  31. Relationship of Water Sources & Economic Index (Drinking water) Source of drinking water for Lean period * economic index Cross tabulation Type of Higher Middle Lower source Source Class Class Class Can Water 7 3 3 Source of drinking water for Peak period * economic index Tap water 0 0 1 Cross tabulation Primary Public Type of Higher Middle Lower Well 0 0 1 source Source Class Class Class Secondary Can Water 5 3 0 Tap water 0 0 2 Public Well 2 0 1 Primary rain water 0 0 2 ponds 0 2 2 Secondary rain water 1 0 1

  32. Relationship of Water Sources & Economic Index (Domestic water)

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