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Interplay of Diet, the Gastrointestinal Microbiome, and Health and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Interplay of Diet, the Gastrointestinal Microbiome, and Health and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Interplay of Diet, the Gastrointestinal Microbiome, and Health and Disease Hannah D. Holscher, PhD, RD Assistant Professor Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Division of Nutritional Sciences University of Illinois Research Goal
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Microbiome - a collection of microbial genomes Microbiota – a collection of microbes
¨ As many bacteria as host cells in
human body
¨ 150x more bacterial genes than
- ur human genome
Health Disease
Microbiome
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Microbiota
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¨ Protective functions ¨ Structural functions ¨ Metabolic functions ¤ Fermenting dietary fiber into short-chain fatty acids ¤ Synthesizing vitamins: biotin, riboflavin, pantothenate,
ascorbate, thiamine, folate, and vitamin K
Grenham S, Front Physiol, 2011
Microbiota Functions
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Qin J, Nature, 2010
Microbiome Composition: GI Diseases
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¨ Microbiome explained
~5% variation of BMI, TG, and HDL1
¨ Atherosclerosis is
associated with increased Collinsella.
¨ Healthy control was
associated with Roseburia and Eubacterium2
Healthy Control Symptomatic Atherosclerosis
- 1. Fu et al., Circulation Research 2015; 2. Karlsson FH et al., Nature Communications 2012
Microbiome Composition: Atherosclerosis
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Goldszmid RS & Trinchieri G (2012) Nat. Immunol.
Obesity & Insulin Resistance Cognition & Brain Development Intestinal Disease Bone Health Malnutrition Cancer Allergies NAFLD
Systemic influence of the microbiota
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What about diet?
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Muegge, Science ,2011
Carnivore Omnivore Herbivore
Gastrointestinal Microbiome
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Wu et al., 2011; Science
Habitual diet impacts the microbiota
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- A. Fiber:
¤ 25 g per 1000 kcal ¤ 0 g per 1000 kcal
- B. Fat:
¤ 20 % kcal ¤ 70% kcal
- C. Protein:
¤ 10% ¤ 30%
David et al. Nature 2014
Plant Based Diet Animal Based Diet
A B C
Diet can rapidly impact microbiota
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Plant Based Diet Animal Based Diet
David et al. Nature 2014
Diet can rapidly impact microbiota
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Fiber: carbohydrate polymers that resistant digestion in the small intestine with complete or partial fermentation in the colon
¨ Different types of fibers in different types of plants ¨ Supplemental fibers in a range of foods ¨ Different botanical origins and chemical structure ¤ Cellulose ¤ B-glucans ¤ Inulin ¤ Polydextrose ¤ Soluble Corn Fiber
Plants & Dietary Fiber
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Microbes ferment dietary fibers
Linus Pauling Institute, OSU
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Diet & GI Microbiota
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¨ Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled
crossover trial with three 21-day treatment periods
¨ Healthy adult men (n = 21) ¨ Daily food and GI tolerance records ¨ 3 fecal specimens were collected on days 16 - 21
NFC (0 g/d) PDX (21 g/d) SCF (21 g/d)
Holscher et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2015
PDX & SCF: Design
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20 40 60 80 100 NFC PDX SCF % of sequences
Verrucomicrobia Proteobacteria Actinobacteria Bacteroidetes Firmicutes
a b b a a b
p<0.01
Holscher et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2015
PDX & SCF: Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes
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PDX NFC SCF PC2 (9%) PC3 (5%) PC1 (10%)
p<0.001
Holscher et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2015
Microbiome shifted with PDX & SCF
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¨ Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled
crossover trial with three 21-day treatment periods
¨ Healthy adults (n=30) ¨ Daily food and GI tolerance records ¨ 3 fecal specimens were collected on days 16 - 20
Control (0 g/d) Agave inulin (7.5 g/d) Agave inulin (5.0 g/d)
Holscher, H.D. et al., Food & Function, 2014
Agave Inulin: Design
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5.0 7.5 0.05 0.15
Desulfovibrio (% ¡of ¡sequences)
1 2 3 4 5 6 5.0 7.5
Bifidobacterium (%of ¡sequences)
Holscher, H.D. et al., J. Nutr 2015
Treatment (Agave inulin g/day) b a c a a b
Agave inulin increased Bifidobacterium and decreased Desulfovibrio
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Holscher, H.D. et al., J. Nutr 2015
Agave Inulin: Phenotypic Responses
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Avocados PDX & SCF Shift Bacteriodetes:Firmicutes Agave inulin Bifidobacterium Broccoli
Eating a diet rich in different types and sources of fibers helps support a more diverse microbiota
Walnuts Faecalebacterium Roseburia Dorea Almonds Roseburia Lachnospira Whole Grains Roseburia Fermented Dairy
Diet modulates the GI microbiota
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¨
Kelly Swanson
¨
George Fahey, Jr.
¨
Colleen Bushell
¨
Michael Welge
¨
Loretta Auvil
¨
Naiman Khan
¨
John Erdman
¨
William O’Brien
¨
Dave Baer
¨ Nutrition and Human Microbiome Laboratory
¤ Heather Guetterman ¤ Sharon Thompson ¤ Melisa Bailey ¤ Andrew Taylor ¤ Jennifer Kaczmarek
Acknowledgments
¨
Funding: General Mills, Ingredion Incorporated, Applied Research Institute, USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch project ILLU-‑538-‑384, USDA ARS, Hass Avocado Board