International Permeability Benchmark B. Laine, S.V. Lomov, P. - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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International Permeability Benchmark B. Laine, S.V. Lomov, P. - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jan 18, 2023 123 likes •314 views

International Permeability Benchmark B. Laine, S.V. Lomov, P. Henrat, Ch. Binetruy, P. Ermanni, V. Michaud, F. Trochu, H. Sol, A. Long, M. Wietgrefe, P. Beauchene, A. Endruweit, F. Gommer, E. Ruiz, S. Comas-Cardona, S. Hasanovic, G. Morren, L.

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International Permeability Benchmark

  • B. Laine, S.V. Lomov, P. Henrat, Ch. Binetruy, P. Ermanni, V.

Michaud, F. Trochu, H. Sol, A. Long, M. Wietgrefe,

  • P. Beauchene, A. Endruweit, F. Gommer, E. Ruiz,
  • S. Comas-Cardona, S. Hasanovic, G. Morren, L. Bizet, J. Bréard
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Plan of the presentation

  • Introduction
  • Why, Who and using What ?
  • Experimental setups and associated problems
  • 1D, 2D
  • Saturated, Non saturated
  • Results
  • Way forward
  • Time schedule
  • Toward Normalization ?
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Introduction

  • Why doing an international permeability benchmark?
  • The permeability tensor of fibrous reinforcements is the main

“material” input parameter for macroscopic flow simulation

  • To reduce the existing “scattering” of permeability measurements

between setups (labs) for both saturated and partially saturated measurements

to understand why we get such dispersions and produce recommendations in order to reduce them

  • To understand the limitations of each type of measurement
  • 1D (in plane or transverse), 2D, saturated, partially saturated and their

combinations

To initiate a normalization process

  • To do so, we need to have the right “countries” around the table but

also to be aware of the industrial needs

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Introduction

  • Who is involved?
  • 18 Universities and Institutes

from 11 countries

  • 2 industrial end users
  • 1 industrial providing the

reinforcements: HEXCEL

University of Delaware Advani, Suresh US University of Twente Akkerman, Remko Netherlands Mines de Douai Binetruy, Christophe France Université du Havre Bréard, Joel France EADS IW Chatel, Sylvain France INEGI-UMEC Correira, Nuno Portugal Polytechnique Zurich Ermanni, Paolo Suisse Hexcel Reinforcments Henrat, Patrick France Lightweight Structures BV Labordus, Maarten Netherlands ONERA Laine, Bertrand France KU Leuven Lomov, Stepan V. Belgium University of Nottingham Long, Andrew UK Lulea University Lundstrom, Staffan Sweden Polytechnique Lausane Michaud, Véronique Switzerland UCONN Parnas, Richard US Free University of Brussels Sol, Hugo Belgium PCCL Talvensaari, Henna Austria Polytechnique Montréal Trochu, François Canada Mines de St Etienne Vautrin, Alain France DLR-Airbus Wietgrefe, Mathias Germany TU Clausthal Ziegmann, Gerhard Germany

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Introduction

  • What are the investigated materials
  • Balanced Carbon

twill 2x2 (G986)

  • Unbalanced Glass

twill 2x2 (G1113)

  • Carbon non-crimped fabric

45/-45 (NC2)

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Experimental setups

  • 1D
  • Dry or partially saturated = position of the flow front as function of time
  • Saturated = Mass flow as function of the pressure drop
  • 2D
  • Dry or partially saturated = position of the main axes of the pseudo-

ellipse as function of time

  • Saturated = mass flow as function of the pressure drop along (at

least) two directions

  • Continuous = Compression of a saturated medium (force -

displacement curve gives K)

  • Transverse
  • Continuous (idem but with flow in the transverse direction)
  • 1D saturated = mass flow as function of pressure drop
  • 1D Dry or partially saturated = position of the flow front as function of

time

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Experimental setups

  • List of parameters which should be recorder during

Benchmark for all measurements

  • Mould: nature, thickness, deflection, temperature, position of pressure

sensors

  • Fluid test: nature, behavior (viscosity vs strain rate…), temperature,

viscosity as function of T , density of the fluid

  • Reinforcement: volume fraction of fiber, number of plies, lay-up,

contact angle with fluid test

  • Sketch of setup, experimental procedure, type of experiment

(saturated …), raw data (pressure …), data processing, size of injection hole if any, way of determining the position of flow front if relevant, determination of main directions o flfow

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Results

  • Permeability of G986 (all results): from 4.10-11 to 6.10-10 !!

Permeability of G986

1,00E-11 1,00E-10 1,00E-09

2 4 6 8 10 12

Lab or Setup Permeability (m²)

Kxx Kyy

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Results

  • Permeability of G986 as function of Vf and experimental setup:
  • ~Kdry < Ksat, difficult to said anything else!

Permeability of G986 as function of Vf and experimental setup

1,00E-11 1,00E-10 1,00E-09 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Vf of fibre Permeability (m²)

Kxx 2D sat Kyy 2D sat Kxx 2D dry Kyy 2D dry Kxx 1D sat Kyy 1D sat Kxx 1D dry Kyy 1D dry Kxx 2D continuous

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Results

  • Permeability of G986
  • A lot of dispersion!
  • At first sight, no trend in terms of difference between 1D, 2D,

saturated and partially saturated… These trends are probably hidden by a bigger issue!

  • When a same lab performs both saturated and unsaturated

experiments, the saturated permeability is always higher

  • Anisotropy ratio (Kyy/Kxx) varies between 1.3 and 2.6
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Results

  • Permeability of G1113 (all results):
  • Kxx: from 4.10-11 to 4.10-10
  • Kyy: from 1.10-11 to 6.10-11

Permeability of G1113

1,00E-11 1,00E-10 1,00E-09

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Lab or Setup Permeability (m²) Kxx Kyy

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Results

  • Permeability of G1113 as function of Vf and setups
  • A little bit less dispersion than for G986, but no trend…

Permeability of G1113 as function of Vf and experimental setup

1,00E-11 1,00E-10 1,00E-09 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Vf of fiber Permeability (m²) Kxx 2D sat Kyy 2D sat Kxx 2D dry Kyy 2D dry Kxx 1D sat Kyy 1D sat Kxx 1D dry Kyy 1D dry

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Results

  • Permeability of G1113
  • A lot of dispersion, even if a little bit less than for G986
  • Again, at first sight, no trend in terms of difference between 1D, 2D,

saturated and partially saturated…

  • When a same lab performs both saturated and unsaturated

experiments, the saturated permeability is always higher

  • High dispersion of anisotropy ratio (Kyy/Kxx), which varies between

1.7 and 4.1

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Results

  • Permeability of NC2 as function of Vf and experimental setups
  • Few points, but dispersion is low so far!
  • Probably less local geometrical variation in a NCF than woven

Permeability of NC2 as function of Vf and experimental setups

1E-11 1E-10 47 47,5 48 48,5 49 49,5 50 50,5 51 Vf of fiber Permeability (m²) Kxx 2D sat Kyy 2D sat Kxx 2D dry Kyy 2D dry

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Results

  • High dispersion for woven fabrics
  • Still many results to come (less than half of the partners have

send something)

  • So far, we almost always received enough information on the

way the measurements were performed

  • Some Kzz values are already available
  • It is difficult to extract trends from these data, but we are

working on them. The more results we have, the easier it will be to deduce anything…

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Way forward

  • Please send your results (cf website: permeability.onera.fr) !!
  • Some complementary tests/information will be asked to all

partners in order to understand what is happening

  • First “draft” analysis of the dispersion will be proposed before

end of the year to partners who have already send something…

  • Again, we need to fully understand were does this dispersion

comes from in order to initiate a normalization procedure

  • Thank you for your help, we look forward to receive more

results before the end of this year: this benchmark is the only way to close this topic of permeability dispersion!

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FPCM-9 Montreal - July 2008 17

Stereolithographic specimen

Gerd Morren’s poster

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Kx Ky

K, 10-9 mm2