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International Material Resource Dependency in an Input-Output - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
International Material Resource Dependency in an Input-Output - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Date 14.06.2011 | 1 of 16 International Material Resource Dependency in an Input-Output Framework Maaike C. Bouwmeester University of Groningen, The Netherlands WIOD conference, Groningen 24 th of April 2012 Date 14.06.2011 | 2 of 16
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Material resource dependency
› Global economy is very resource dependent
- Oil crises – peak oil
- Non-renewable and scarce: rare earths, phosphate rock
- Conflicts over natural resources
› U.S. / China oil securization policies › EU (2008)– Raw materials initiative
- Competitiveness
› Recycling opportunities
- UNEP report (2010): metal stocks in society
- UK study (2008): material security
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Research question
To what extend do countries depend on material resources imported from abroad?
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Data
› EXIOPOL database
- International input-output framework
- 43 countries & RoW region, 129 sectors, year 2000
› Resource extensions: domestic extraction of:
- Fossil fuel carriers
- Chemical and fertilizer minerals
- Iron, aluminum, copper, precious metals
› Material resource requirements: domestic extraction per unit output of the sector
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Material resource suppliers
› Domestic extraction / direct requirements I
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Material resource suppliers
› Domestic extraction / direct requirements II
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Material dependency indicators
› Resource dependency: Total material requirements per unit output › International material dependency: percentage international material requirements / total material requirements › Concentration of international material dependency: Herfindahl index calculated over the international resource multipliers
42 1 S S S R RS R=
= + ∑ t d L d L d L
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Total material resource requirements
› World highest total requirements
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Total material resource requirements
› World highest total requirements
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International dependency
› International / total material requirements (% )
5 10 15 20 25 fossil energy carriers 38 countries 60% av. chem/fert minerals 43 countries 70% av. iron ores 42 countries 76% av. aluminum 30 countries 78% av. copper 32 countries 65% av. precious metals 28 countries 57% av. no output [0 - 25) % [25 - 50)% [50 - 75) % [75 - 100)% 100%
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Concentration of dependency
› Herfindahl index
- Complete concentration = 1
- Complete dispersion = 1/ n
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Material resource dependency
› Coefficients of determination I
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Material resource dependency
› Coefficients of determination II
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Conclusion
› No specific sector is generally dependent › Some countries score high on both the international dependency and the Herfindahl index (for particular sectors) › Percentage internationally sourced aluminum and concentration high in aluminum production. However, no positive relationship across countries › Next step: further exploration of patterns
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