Date 14.06.2011 | 1 of 16 International Material Resource Dependency in an Input-Output Framework Maaike C. Bouwmeester University of Groningen, The Netherlands WIOD conference, Groningen 24 th of April 2012
Date 14.06.2011 | 2 of 16 Overview › Motivation › Research question › Data › Material dependency indicators › Results › Conclusions
Date 14.06.2011 | 3 of 16 Material resource dependency › Global economy is very resource dependent Oil crises – peak oil Non-renewable and scarce: rare earths, phosphate rock Conflicts over natural resources › U.S. / China oil securization policies › EU (2008)– Raw materials initiative Competitiveness › Recycling opportunities - UNEP report (2010): metal stocks in society - UK study (2008): material security
Date 14.06.2011 | 4 of 16 Research question To what extend do countries depend on material resources imported from abroad?
Date 14.06.2011 | 5 of 16 Data › EXIOPOL database International input-output framework 43 countries & RoW region, 129 sectors, year 2000 › Resource extensions: domestic extraction of: Fossil fuel carriers Chemical and fertilizer minerals Iron, aluminum, copper, precious metals › Material resource requirements: domestic extraction per unit output of the sector
Date 14.06.2011 | 6 of 16 Material resource suppliers › Domestic extraction / direct requirements I
Date 14.06.2011 | 7 of 16 Material resource suppliers › Domestic extraction / direct requirements II
Date 14.06.2011 | 8 of 16 Material dependency indicators › Resource dependency: Total material requirements per unit output + ∑ 42 = S S S R RS t d L d L d L R = 1 › International material dependency: percentage international material requirements / total material requirements › Concentration of international material dependency: Herfindahl index calculated over the international resource multipliers
Date 14.06.2011 | 9 of 16 Total material resource requirements › World highest total requirements
Date 14.06.2011 | 10 of 16 Total material resource requirements › World highest total requirements
Date 14.06.2011 | 11 of 16 International dependency › International / total material requirements (% ) 25 no output [0 - 25) % 20 [25 - 50)% [50 - 75) % 15 [75 - 100)% 100% 10 5 0 fossil energy chem/fert iron ores aluminum copper precious metals carriers minerals 38 countries 43 countries 42 countries 30 countries 32 countries 28 countries 60% av. 70% av. 76% av. 78% av. 65% av. 57% av.
Date 14.06.2011 | 12 of 16 Concentration of dependency › Herfindahl index Complete concentration = 1 Complete dispersion = 1/ n
Date 14.06.2011 | 13 of 16 Material resource dependency › Coefficients of determination I
Date 14.06.2011 | 14 of 16 Material resource dependency › Coefficients of determination II
Date 14.06.2011 | 15 of 16 Conclusion › No specific sector is generally dependent › Some countries score high on both the international dependency and the Herfindahl index (for particular sectors) › Percentage internationally sourced aluminum and concentration high in aluminum production. However, no positive relationship across countries › Next step: further exploration of patterns
Date 14.06.2011 | 16 of 16 Thank you for your attention Questions? m.c.bouwmeester@rug.nl
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