Instable Particles as Probes for New Physics Searches for APV and - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

SOLVAY WORKSHOP "Beyond the Standard model with Neutrinos and Nuclear Physics" Brussels, November 29th - December 1st, 2017 Instable Particles as Probes for New Physics – Searches for APV and EDMs Klaus Jungmann Van Swinderen Institute, University of Groningen VSI

Searches for Electric Dipole Moments/Parity Violation  Testing the Standard Model with instable Molecules, Atoms and Particles  Discrete Symmetries and their Conservation / Violation  In general : Few Valence Electron Systems - Privileged Heavy Atoms - Advantageous Radioactive Species - Some Opportunities  EDM Searches with Enhancement in Atoms, Molecules (& Some Nuclei)  Perspectives in the Period to Come Due to Technology Advances VSI

Standard Model Tests Standard Model (SM) of particle physics is  Best Theory we have  Still large number of open questions e.g. particle masses, origin of parity violation, .... Direct: Indirect: Searches for New Particles High Precision Measurements  Equivalent Approaches CERN e.g. LHC Small institutes e.g. VSI .. e.g. Discovery of Higgs boson,.. e.g. Atomic Parity Violation, EDM searches , ….. also: Difference Matter-Antimatter … VSI

Discrete Symmetries C,P,T,CP,CPT VSI

An EDM Violates P,T and with CPT also CP VSI

Permanent E lectric D ipole M oment s z s z S + X → Electron: clean and ready for New Physics - → Hadrons: depend on θ QCD in Standard Model VSI

Spin of Fundamental Particles S is the only vector characterizing a non-degenerate quantum state z magnetic moment: m x = 2(1+a x ) m 0x c -1 S s z S + electric dipole moment: X d x =  m 0x c -1 S - magneton: m 0x = e ħ / (2m x ) 9 . 7 •10 -12 e cm (electron) m 0 x c -1 S = { 4.6 •10 -14 e cm (muon) 5.3 •10 -15 e cm (nucleon ) VSI

Instable Particle EDMs  In principle EDM not forbidden in instable states z → e.g. transition dipoles exist s z  Heavy (therefore instable) atoms S have general advantage + → deformed nuclei X → Z x enhancement (x typically 2…3) -  Instable particles may have detection advantage → b – asymmetry → are there oscillations in EDMs ? (axions) VSI

An EDM Violates P,T and with CPT also CP VSI

Possible Sources of EDMs The numerically best experiment until now- 199 Hg @Seattle – Leaves somewhat restricted room for SUSY … VSI

Lines of attack towards an EDM Hg Xe Free Particles neutron Atoms Tl muon Cs Rb deuteron Ra Rn bare nuclei ? Fr …  electron EDM  particle EDM …  nuclear EDM  unique information  enhancements Electric  new insights  challenging  new techniques Dipole technology  challenging Moment technology goal:  electron EDM  electron EDM new source of CP  strong enhancements  strong enhancements  new techniques  systematics ??  poor spectroscopic BaF , YbF garnets data (Gd 3 Ga 5 O 12 ) PbO ,WC Condensed State (Gd 3 Fe 2 Fe 3 O 12 ) PbF ,ThO Molecules solid He ? HfF + ,ThF + liquid Xe RaF , … VSI

Enhancements of particle EDMs P. Sandars, 1968  go for heavy systems, where Z>>1, e.g. Hg, Xe  take advantage of enhancements, e.g. Ra, Rn  consider molecules such as YbF, RaF , … VSI

Highlight: ThO electron EDM experiment E ext Th + E eff ~ P  2 Z 3 e / a 0 2 due to relativity E eff (P.G.H. Sandars) E eff  80 GV/cm Jan 2014 O – (depending on theorist) E ext ~ 1 V/cm enough for ThO New limit for e - d e < 8.7* 10 -29 ecm d (90% c.l.) Doyle, Gabrielse , DeMille Experiment presently taking further data VSI

Atomic/Molecular Enhancement Factors for Electron EDM Particle Rb Cs Tl Fr Ra Enhancement 24 125 585 1 150 40 000 Flambaum, Dzuba, 2012 Particle ThO BaF YbF PbO watch out: Saturation 10 9 5x10 5 1.6 x 10 6 6 x 10 4 Enhancement → different theorists agree, typically at 30% level VSI

Radium Isotopes 206 Pb + 12 C A Ra + (218-A) n Lifetime Spin 206 Pb beam 209 4.6(2) s 5/2 12 C target 211 13(2) s 1/2 TRI m P@KVI 212 13.0(2) s TRI μ P separator 213 2.74(6) m 1/2 214 2.46(3) s Thermal ionizer Δ N <14 Sources or fragmentation 221 28.2 s 5/2 To RFQ (Paul trap) Rate after TI 223 11.43(5) d 3/2 225 Ra 224 3.6319(23) d extraction from 229 Th source (ANL) Long lived 229 Th source in an oven (VSI) 225 14.9(2) d 1/2 Other Isotopes 226 1600 y Online production at accelerator facilities e.g. 227 42.2(5) m 3/2 TRI m P@KVI ( flux ~ 10 5 /s) (until 2013) ISOLDE , CERN ( flux ~ 10 9 /s) 229 4.0(2) m 5/2 FRIB VSI

Radium EDMs Atomic energy level diagram of Ra 7s7p 1 P 1  Nearly degenerate opposite parity  Nearly degenerate opposite parity 3 P 1 and 3 D 1 enhancement ~5000 e EDM 3 P 1 and 3 D 2 enhancement > 10 4 2 7s6d 1 D 2     3 3 3 3 3 | | | | D er P P H D  2 2 1 1 2 EDM 1 d 1 1 1 7s6d 3 D  0 3 3 7s7p 3 P ( ) ( ) E D E P 2 1 1 714.3 nm V. A. Dzuba et al. Phys. Rev. A, 61, 062509 (2000) 482.7 nm Parity doublet Density distribution of nuclear charge has mixed |   | b  octupole and quadrupole deformation 7s 2 1 S 0  Deformed charge distribution in some isotopes ( 225 Ra)    (|  |b)/2  Nucleon EDM enhances ≈ 10 2 55 keV  +  (| + |b)/2 Dobczewski, Engel, PRL (2005) & Phys. Rev. C (2010) VSI

EDM Enhancement by Nuclear Deformation  If that were true also for odd spin isotopes there’d be a nucleon EDM enhancement L. P. Gaffney et al, Nature 497 ,157 (2013) by factor of some 200  Need measurements for odd isotopes now !! (see e.g. Y.K. Khriplovich) VSI

Radium and Barium Barium Radium 714 nm VSI

7s7p 1 P 1 225 Ra  ν =1MHz 7s7p 3 P 7s6d 3 D 2 7s6d 1 D 2 3 1 2 0 1 482.7 nm Cooling Te 2 714.3 nm Trapping 7s 2 1 S 0 Trimble et al. Rasmussen B. Santra et al, PRA (R) (2014) VSI

Argonne 225 Ra Experiment → Near term goal 4  10 -25 ecm VSI R.H. Parker, Phys . Rev . Lett . 114, 233002 (2015) from M. Bishop, Argonne National Laboratory

Towards a Rn EDM Experiment at TRIUMF T. Chupp and C. Svensson • Magnitude of EDM ~ Z 3 • Radon isotopes possibly octupole deformed • Rn is predicted to be ~ 600 times more sensitive than 199 Hg 6. Push with N 2 to trap gas in cell 1. Implant 121,123 Cs into catcher foil 3. Coldfinger at LN 2 temperature to absorb the atoms locally 4. Warm coldfinger 2. Heat foil to diffuse atoms into system 5. Fill chamber with N 2 VSI

Radon-EDM Experiment + TRIUMF E929 T. Chupp (Michigan) & C. Svensson (Guelph) - Funding: NSF, DOE, NRC, NSERC TRIUMF Produce rare ion radon beam Collect in cell Comagnetometer Measure free precesion ( g anisotropy/ b asymmetry) b 3 221/223 Rn EDM projected sensitivity Facility Detection S d (100 d) 2 x 10 -26 e-cm g anisotropy ISAC 1 x 10 -27 e-cm b asymmetry ISAC 2 x 10 -28 e-cm b asymmetry FRIB ~ 5x10 -30 for 199 Hg Courtesy of Tim Chupp VSI

U. Dammalapati @ LEAP, Kananzawa 2016 Y. Sakemi et al . Experiment is on the move to U Tokyo / RIKEN VSI

Generic EDM Figure of Merit figure of merit enhancement * enh factor # particles electric field in experiment polarization total measurment time efficiency coherence time VSI

Preferred Systems T measurement time / enh P polarization enh enhancement Particle Number Coherence Efficiency Electric Field Figure of Particles Time Merrit  [s]  N E [kV/cm] 199 Hg 10 14 2x10 2 8x10 -3 5x10 13 10 129 Xe 10 22 10 4 9x10 -9 1x10 14 3.6 10 11 1.1x10 -3 2x10 -2 2x10 13 ThO <0.1 10 5 1.5x10 -3 3x10 -2 1x10 12 YbF 10 10 11 10 -1 10 -2 5x10 13 BaF 10 225 Ra 10 3 4x10 1 7x10 -5 3x10 6 67 VSI

EDM Experiments: Efficiency 0 ● realized ● future / enh B. Santra, L. Willmann (2013) VSI

HfF / enh VSI

Cold Molecules for EDMs & Parity SrF BaF RaF VSI

Precision Measurements with Molecules • Heavy diatomic molecules ( SrF, RaF,. .) are suited for precision measurements (parity violation, eEDM) • Large enhancement due to almost degenerate rotational levels • Ultracold molecules by a traveling wave decelerator and laser cooling • Benefit from the long interaction time provided by a cold, trapped sample C. Meinema, J. v/d Berg, S. Hoekstra VSI

Traveling wave decelerator SrF VSI C. Meinema, J. v/d Berg, S. Hoekstra

Traveling wave decelerator 5 m of decelerator 10 modules of 50 cm 3360 ring electrodes diameter electrode: 4 mm C. Meinema, J. v/d Berg, S. Hoekstra VSI

SrF Slowed Down Signal and Simulations - 4 of 8 amplifiers - 2 m machine C. Meinema, J. v/d Berg, S. Hoekstra VSI

SrF Slowed Down and Guided - 8 of 8 amplifiers - 4 m machine S. Hoekstra, S. Mathavan, A. Zapara, Q. Esajas, VSI S. Hoekstra et al. The way to go for eEDM below 10 -29 ecm VSI

BaF eEDM machine in statu nascendi S.Hoekstra, A. Borschevsky, K. Jungmann, R.G.E. Timmermans, L. Willmann, H. Bethlem, W. Ubachs et al. (FOM/NWO programme 2016-2022) → eEDM Collaboration Goal: Best EDM Limit on Electron S. Hoekstra, S. Mathavan, A. Zapara, Q. Esajas, VSI VSI

Parity → relatively large effects in some atoms and molecules scaling with Z 3 or even stronger → one valence electron atoms to extract precise constants → more complex systems to study e.g. anapole moments VSI