Initial Investigation of Petroleum Systems of the Permian Basin, USA - - PDF document

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Initial Investigation of Petroleum Systems of the Permian Basin, USA - - PDF document

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Initial Investigation of Petroleum Systems of the Permian Basin, USA Ronald J. Hill 1 , Dan Jarvie 2 , Brenda Claxton 2 , Jack Burgess 2 and Jack Williams 3 1 United States Geological Survey Box 25046, MS 977 Denver, CO 80225 2 Humble Geochemical

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SLIDE 1

Humble Geochemical Services Division

Initial Investigation of Petroleum Systems

  • f the Permian Basin, USA

Ronald J. Hill1, Dan Jarvie2, Brenda Claxton2, Jack Burgess2 and Jack Williams3

1United States Geological Survey

Box 25046, MS 977 Denver, CO 80225

2Humble Geochemical Services

Humble, TX 77338

3AMOCO (Retired)

Humble Geochemical Services Division

United States Geologic Survey

Angie Beebe Cyndi Kester Carl Bern Chuck Threlkeld David King Mike Pribil

Humble Geochemical

Brian Jarvie Melissa Dodd

Acknowledgements

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SLIDE 2

Humble Geochemical Services Division

Presentation Outline

  • Goals of the study
  • Geologic summary
  • Analytical methods
  • Definition and distribution of oil types
  • Biodegradation
  • Mixing of oils
  • Conclusions

Humble Geochemical Services Division

Goals of this Study

  • Provide geochemical input for the USGS

Permian Basin oil and gas assessment project

  • Provide state-of-the art geochemical data on

Permian Basin petroleum systems

  • Perform oil inversion study to characterize

source rocks (in the absence of correlation for all sources)

  • Confirm previous assessments of the Permian

Basin petroleum systems

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SLIDE 3

Humble Geochemical Services Division

Permian Basin Production History

Cumulative Oil: 34.9 Billion barrels Cumulative Gas: 98.5 Trillion cubic feet Total Wells Drilled: 131, 950 Active Wells: 107, 098 First Production: 1905

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Canada Mexico U.S.A.

Location of the Permian Basin

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SLIDE 4

Humble Geochemical Services Division

Structural Elements of the Permian Basin

Eastern Shelf Midland Basin Ozona Arch Matador Arch

A’ A

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Permian Basin Cross Section

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SLIDE 5

Humble Geochemical Services Division

Permian

Ordovician

Sil.

  • Dev. Carb.

Trias.

Quat. Tert. Cret.

Sys. Stage Formation Lithology

Upper Lower

Upper

U. M. L. M. L. L. U. U. M. L.

Wolfcamp Clear Fork Glorieta San Andres Antesia Salado Thirtyone Simpson Ellenburger Woodford Barnett Strawn

  • Miss. Ls

Wriston Fusselman Montoya

Cisco Canyon

Dewey Lake Rustler Dockum

Judkinss Ogallala Edwards Paluxy

Conglomerate Sandstone Shale Evaporite Dolomite Limestone

Permian

Ordovician

Sil.

  • Dev. Carb.

Trias.

Quat. Tert. Cret.

Sys. Stage Formation Lithology

Upper Lower

Upper

U. M. L. M. L. L. U. U. M. L.

Wolfcamp Clear Fork Glorieta San Andres Antesia Salado Thirtyone Simpson Ellenburger Woodford Barnett Strawn

  • Miss. Ls

Wriston Fusselman Montoya

Cisco Canyon

Dewey Lake Rustler Dockum

Judkinss Ogallala Edwards Paluxy

Conglomerate Sandstone Shale Evaporite Dolomite Limestone

Permian

Ordovician

Sil.

  • Dev. Carb.

Trias.

Quat. Tert. Cret.

Sys. Stage Formation Lithology

Upper Lower

Upper

U. M. L. M. L. L. U. U. M. L.

Wolfcamp Clear Fork Glorieta San Andres Antesia Salado Thirtyone Simpson Ellenburger Woodford Barnett Strawn

  • Miss. Ls

Wriston Fusselman Montoya

Cisco Canyon

Dewey Lake Rustler Dockum

Judkinss Ogallala Edwards Paluxy

Conglomerate Sandstone Shale Evaporite Dolomite Limestone

Oils Samples (n=300+) Cretaceous

  • U. Permian

Castile Bell Canyon Delaware Queen Grayburg San Andres

  • L. Permian

Clear Fork Glorieta Tubb Bone Spring Spraberry Abo Wichita-Albany Pennsylvanian Devonian Silurian Ordovician

OilsSRs

Modified from Katz et al., 1994

Idealized Permian Basin Stratigraphy

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Permian Basin Oils Samples Used in this Study

Eastern Shelf MB Ozona Arch Matador Arch

300+ Oils Source Rocks

  • Simpson
  • Barnett
  • Bone Springs
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SLIDE 6

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Analytical Approach

  • Carbon isotopes (saturated and aromatic HC)
  • Sulfur Content
  • High- resolution gas chromatography (GC) of oils

and rock extracts

  • Biomarker analysis (GCMS)

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Permian Basin Oil Families

  • Permian Leonardian Bone Springs

– Upper (Shale and carbonate) – Lower (Carbonate)

  • Permian Guadalupe
  • Permian Wolfcamp
  • Pennsylvanian?
  • Mississippian Barnett Shale
  • Devonian-Mississippian Woodford Shale
  • Ordovician Simpson Formation
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SLIDE 7

Humble Geochemical Services Division

  • 35.0
  • 34.0
  • 33.0
  • 32.0
  • 31.0
  • 30.0
  • 29.0
  • 28.0
  • 27.0
  • 26.0
  • 25.0
  • 35.0
  • 34.0
  • 33.0
  • 32.0
  • 31.0
  • 30.0
  • 29.0
  • 28.0
  • 27.0
  • 26.0
  • 25.0

Saturated HC

13C

Aromatic HC

13C

Stable carbon isotopes of Permian Basin

  • ils are variable

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Sulfur content of Permian Basin oils implies variable source facies

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50

Pristane / Phytane Weight % Sulfur

Biodegraded or Mixed Carbonate Marine Shale Kukersite

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SLIDE 8

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Biological Marker (biomarkers): Terpane Ion Chromatograms

Marine shale source: High tricyclics e.g., Woodford Carbonate source: High C29 hopane

  • Predom. C35 hopane

e.g., Bone Springs

  • G. prisca source:

low tricyclics Ordovician

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Steranes (m/z 217)

C27 aaa 20R C28 aaa 20R C29 aaa 20R C27 Dia/(Dia+Reg) (C21+C22)/(C27+C28+C29) C29 abb/(aaa+abb) C29 aaa 20S/20R C29 aaa 20S/(S+R)

Terpanes (m/z 191)

C19t/C23t C29H/C30H C22t/C21t C28BNH/C30H C22t/C24t 25-Nor/C30H C24t/C23t C30DiaH/C30H C26t/C25t Ole/C30H C24Tet/C23t C31HR/C30H C24Tet/C26t C35HS/C34HS C23t/C30H C35 Homohopane Index C24Tet/C30H Ts/(Ts+Tm) Gam/C30H C29Ts/(C29Ts+C29H) Gam/C31HR Mor/C30H C32 S/(S+R)

Biomarker Ratios

  • Steranes (m/z 218)

C27 abb 20(R+S) C28 abb 20(R+S) C29 abb 20(R+S) C29/C27 abb Sterane Ratio

Other Ratios

Tricyclic/Pentacyclic Terpanes Steranes/Terpanes

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Humble Geochemical Services Division

Steranes %27 / %28 / %29 Bone Springs 45 / 19 / 36 Wolfcamp 53 / 19 / 28 Pennsylvanian 40 / 19 / 41

Differentiation of Permian Basin Shales

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Bone Springs D

13Csat –27.5 - -28.5

Guadalupe

13Csat –29.0 - -30.0

Differentiation of Permian Basin Carbonate

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Humble Geochemical Services Division

3R P +5R P 6R P P 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 C AR BON ATE

  • SOU

R C E DOILS SH ALE

  • SOU

R C E DOILS G.P R ISC A-SOU R C E DOILS

Maturation trend for shales

3R P +5R P 6R P P 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 C AR BON ATE

  • SOU

R C E DOILS SH ALE

  • SO

U R C E DOILS G.P R ISC A-SOU R C E DO ILS 416 P E R M IANBASINOILS

Permian Oils Overlay on Williston Basin Type-specific Oils

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Confirmation of Light Hydrocarbon Inference

3R P +5R P 6R P P 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 SH ALE

  • SOU

R CE DOILS G.P RISC A-SOUR C E DO ILS C AR BONATE

  • SOU

R CE DOILS T2-164 WOLFCAM PC ARBON ATE

Sample 041 T2-164 TOKIO, S - WOLFCAMP Ion mass 19

50 60 70 10000 20000 30000 40000

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Humble Geochemical Services Division

Sample 19-011 T2-111 LIVENGOOD - CISCO Ion mass 19

50 60 70 10000 20000 30000

Shale-sourced Oil Hopane Biomarkers

3R P +5R P 6R P P 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 C AR BON ATE

  • SO

U R C E DOILS SH ALE

  • SOU

R C E DOILS G.P R ISCA-SOU R C E DOILS T2-111 C ISC O(P E N N.) OIL

Humble Geochemical Services Division

Classical G. prisca Fingerprint

3R P +5R P 6R P P 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 C AR BO N ATE

  • SOU

R C E DOILS SH ALE

  • SOU

R C E DOILS G.P R ISC A-SOU R C E DOILS T2-72 E LLE N BU R GE ROIL

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400

n-C19 predominance

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Humble Geochemical Services Division

3R P +5R P 6R P P 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 C AR BO N ATE

  • SO

U R C E DO ILS SH ALE

  • SOU

R C E DO ILS G.P R ISC A-SOU R C E DO ILS N 5-67SANAN D R E SOIL N 5-58SANAN D R E SOIL

Carbonate biomarkers with shale C7 light hydrocarbons

Sample 027 N5-67 HOUSE - SAN ANDRES Ion mass

50 60 70 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000

Sample 022 N5-58 HOBBS, E - SAN ANDRES Ion mass 19

50 60 70 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000

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but…

3R P +5R P 6R P P 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 C AR BON ATE

  • SOU

R C E DOILS SH ALE

  • SOU

R C E DOILS G.P R ISC A-SOU R C E DOILS T2-165D E VON IANOIL

Sample 042 T2-165

  • DEVONIAN

Ion mass 1

50 60 70 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10000 12000

58 60 62 64 66 68 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700

High diasteranes relative C27aa

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Humble Geochemical Services Division

Carbonate with high Tricyclics

Sample 053 N5-136 MIDWAY - ABO Ion mass 191.20

50 6 70 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000 24000 28000

3RP +5R P 6RP P 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 C AR BON ATE

  • SOU

RC E DOILS SHALE

  • SOU

RC E DOILS G.P R ISC A-SOU R CE DOILS N 5-136 ABOO IL Humble Geochemical Services Division

Mississippian Barnett Source Rock C7 Distribution

3R P +5R P 6R P P 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 C ARBONATE

  • SOUR

CE DOILS SHALE

  • SOUR

C E DOILS G.P RISCA-SOU RC E DOILS BARN E TTSOU R CER OC KC 7 YIE LDS

50 60 70 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 58 60 62 64 66 68 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

Note: Source rocks with mixed or gas potential will plot with carbonates; use Pr/Ph to segregate

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Humble Geochemical Services Division

  • 35.0
  • 34.0
  • 33.0
  • 32.0
  • 31.0
  • 30.0
  • 29.0
  • 28.0
  • 27.0
  • 26.0
  • 25.0
  • 35.0
  • 34.0
  • 33.0
  • 32.0
  • 31.0
  • 30.0
  • 29.0
  • 28.0
  • 27.0
  • 26.0
  • 25.0

Saturated HC

13C

Aromatic HC

13C

Permian Basin Oil Families

Wolfcamp Guadalupe Barnett Woodford Woodford Simpson Pennsylvanian

  • U. Bone Springs
  • U. Bone Springs
  • L. Bone Springs

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Eastern Shelf MB Ozona Arch Matador Arch

Distribution of Ordovician Simpson Sourced Oils

%S = 0.3 – 0.5

13CSat = -32.5 – 34.5 13CAro = -32.4 - 34.0

Pr/Phy = 0.5 – 1.0

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Humble Geochemical Services Division

Distribution of Devonian Woodford Oils

Eastern Shelf MB Ozona Arch Matador Arch

%S = 0.3 – 0.6

13CSat = -29.5 – 30.5 13CAro = -28.5 – 29.9

Pr/Phy = 1.1 - 1.4

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Distribution of Barnett Sourced Oils

%S = 0.2 – 0.5

13CSat = -29.0 - -30.0 13CAro = -28.5 - -29.5

Pr/Phy = 12. – 1.5

Eastern Shelf MB Ozona Arch Matador Arch

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Humble Geochemical Services Division

Eastern Shelf MB Ozona Arch Matador Arch

Distribution of Pennsylvanian Sourced Oils

%S = 0.2 – 0.6

13CSat = -29.0 - -30.5 13CAro = -28.5 - -30.0

Pr/Phy = 1.10 – 1.35

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Eastern Shelf MB Ozona Arch Matador Arch

Distribution of Permian Wolfcamp Oils

%S = 0.2 – 0.4

13CSat = -29.0 - -30.0 13CAro = -28.5 - -29.5

Pr/Phy = 1.2 – 1.5

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Humble Geochemical Services Division

%S = 0.7 – 1.6

13CSat = -29.0 - -30 13CAro = -28.5 - -29.5

Pr/Phy = 0.9 – 1.0

Eastern Shelf Midland Basin Ozona Arch Matador Arch

Distribution of Permian Guadalupe Oils

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Distribution of Permian Lower Bone Springs Oils

%S = 1.5 – 3.0

13CSat = -29.0 – 29.5 13CAro = -28.5 –29.0

Pr/Phy = 0.9 - 95

Eastern Shelf

MB Ozona Arch Matador Arch

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SLIDE 18

Humble Geochemical Services Division

Eastern Shelf MB Ozona Arch Matador Arch

Distribution of Permian Upper Bone Springs Sourced Oils - Carbonate

%S = 1.5 – 3.0

13CSat = -26.5 – -27.5 13CAro = -26.0 - -27.0

Pr/Phy = 0.60 – 0.85

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Distribution of Permian Upper Bone Springs Oils - Shale

%S = 0.05 – 0.3

13CSat = -28.0 - -29.5 13CAro = -28.0 - -29.0

Pr/Phy = 1.5 – 1.8

Eastern Shelf MB Ozona Arch Matador Arch

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Humble Geochemical Services Division

S > 1.0%, Pr / Phy > 1.0

Biodegraded or Mixed Oils

Eastern Shelf MB Ozona Arch Matador Arch

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  • A multitude of oil types exist in the Permian Basin
  • sources range from sulfur-rich carbonates, clay-rich

marine shales, kukersites (G. prisca) algal kerogens

  • Barnett Shale - oil correlation demonstrated for first

time in the Permian Basin

  • Ordovician Simpson Formation - oil correlation

demonstrated

  • Many oils exhibit intermediate geochemical

characteristics indicative of mixing

  • Biodegradation is a significant process in the Permian

Basin

  • Variable generation rates are implied by the complexity
  • f inferred source lithofacies from oil chemistry
  • The story is not complete

Conclusions