Industrialism Changes the World New Farming Methods Increase - - PDF document

Industrialism Changes the World New Farming Methods Increase Agricultural Production

Jethro Tull: seed drill

crop rotation:

planting a different crop in a different field each year the increase in farm output made more food available the population grew and fewer farmers were needed to grow food

enclosure movement:

large landowners in Britain collected their lands into large fields closed in by fences or hedges poor farmers became tenant farmers or gave up farming and moved to the cities to look for jobs

Industrialism Begins In Britain

people had been making most goods by hand, often in their own homes (cottage industry) more and more goods were made by machines ! people began to make goods rather than produce food ! Great Britain had the resources needed for industrialization ! factors of production: land, labor (workers), and capital (wealth)

Inventions In Textiles Spur Industrialization

spinning jenny

1764: James Hargreaves

• ne large wheel and

spindles onto which thread was spun

water frame

1769: Richard Arkwright used waterpower to run spinning machines that made yarn

spinning mule

1779: Samuel Compton combined the moving carriage of the spinning jenny with the rollers of the water frame

Steam Power

steam engine (1705) power loom

1787: Edmund Cartwright steam-powered version of a regular loom

steamboat

1807: Robert Fulton

(American)

business owners built large factories to house and run these large and expensive machines helped business owners move their goods to market more quickly created thousands of new jobs in several different industries

steam-driven locomotive

1830: George Stephenson known as the “Father of Railways”

urbanization:

the movement of people to and the creation of cities ! living conditions were bad in crowded cities limited housing, schools, or police protection lack of sanitation and rampant sickness

Industrialization Changes Life

working conditions were also bad many workers were killed or seriously injured in accidents wasn’t all bad: created jobs ! middle class began to grow in size ! produced better diets, better housing, and better clothing at lower prices

Continental Europe Industrializes

Belgium the first country in mainland Europe to industrialize ! Germany the Ruhr Valley, rich in coal, eventually became a leading industrial region ! France industrial growth was aided by the government’s construction

• f a large network of railroads

some countries, such as Austria- Hungary and Spain, faced transportation problems

Thomas Malthus:

Principles of Political Economy Considered with a View to Their Practical Application (1820) proposed public works and private luxury investment as possible solutions for economic distress

The Philosophy of Industrialization

laissez faire economics

government should not interfere with business

capitalism

economic system in which the factors of production are

• wned by individual people and companies

Adam Smith: The Wealth of Nations (1776)

argued that governments should not put limits on business

socialism

the economic system in which the government owns and controls all the factors of production ! all people would enjoy the benefits of increased production

utilitarianism

the belief that a practice is good only if it is useful ! said the government should work to end great differences in wealth among people

Rise of Socialism

Marxism

Karl Marx - The Communist Manifesto (1848) a form of socialism in which factory owners and workers would struggle for power

Labor Reforms

! union a group of workers negotiate contracts with their employers to determine their terms of employment, including pay, benefits, hours, etc. ! collective bargaining employees’ interests are commonly presented by union representatives to which the employees belong ! strike collective, organized, cessation or slowdown of work to force acceptance of their demands by the employer

Reform Movements

Abolition of Slavery

! the British Parliament ended the slave trade in 1807 and abolished slavery throughout British empire in 1833 ! Spain ended slavery in Puerto Rico in 1873 and in Cuba in 1886