Independent Independent Fire Hazard Management Fire Hazard Management Consultants Consultants
Industry standards Industry standards LASTFIRE LASTFIRE
Initially at Gold Command Escorted to Bronze Foam – minimum requirements Foam sources Foam application
LASTFIRE LASTFIRE Large Atmospheric Storage Tank Fires Large Atmospheric Storage Tank Fires Large Atmospheric Storage Tank Fires
An industry consortium of international oil An industry consortium of international oil An industry consortium of international oil companies reviewing risks associated with companies reviewing risks associated with companies reviewing risks associated with storage tank fires storage tank fires storage tank fires
LASTFIRE LASTFIRE Objectives of original study Objectives of original study • Determine current levels of risk Determine current levels of risk • • Establish Design & Operational Establish Design & Operational • Practice & make knowledge Practice & make knowledge available throughout industry available throughout industry • Establish techniques to Establish techniques to • determine site- - specific levels of specific levels of determine site risk and identify appropriate & risk and identify appropriate & cost- -effective risk reduction effective risk reduction cost measures measures
LASTFIRE LASTFIRE Objectives of update study Objectives of update study To continue LASTFIRE’s LASTFIRE’s role as role as To continue the established recognised the established recognised international oil companies forum international oil companies forum on best practices of on best practices of Fire Hazard Management Fire Hazard Management of Storage Tanks of Storage Tanks
LASTFIRE LASTFIRE Scope Scope Review of incidents Review of incidents Update database on open top floaters Update database on open top floaters Extend database to fixed roof and internal floaters Extend database to fixed roof and internal floaters Assess current practices and latest Assess current practices and latest developments in risk reduction measures developments in risk reduction measures Detection systems Detection systems Foam systems Foam systems Major incident response systems Major incident response systems Tank / seal constructions Tank / seal constructions Practical research Practical research Boilovers Boilovers Vapour measurement in internal floating roof tanks Vapour measurement in internal floating roof tanks Become industry focal point / forum Become industry focal point / forum
Tank Fire Tank Fire Foam Application Options Foam Application Options
Tank Fire Tank Fire Foam Application Options Foam Application Options Do you want to put it out?
Full Surface Fire Response Full Surface Fire Response Full Surface Fire Response Pump-out and Controlled Burndown Pump-out and Controlled Burndown
Pump- -out and Controlled out and Controlled Burndown Burndown Pump Pump-out and Controlled Burndown Example Example Example • Shell, New Jersey • Shell, New Jersey • Shell, New Jersey
Note: Note: Cooling monitors only Cooling monitors only
Note tank height!!! Note tank height!!!
Pump- -out and Controlled out and Controlled Burndown Burndown Pump Pump-out and Controlled Burndown Considerations Considerations Considerations • Smoke • Smoke • Smoke
Pump- -out and Controlled out and Controlled Burndown Burndown Pump Pump-out and Controlled Burndown Considerations Considerations Considerations • Smoke • Smoke • Smoke • Public Image • • Public Image Public Image • Incident Duration • • Incident Duration Incident Duration • Pump out capability • Pump out capability • Pump out capability • Spare • Spare tankage tankage • Spare tankage • Flow rates • Flow rates • Flow rates • Exposure Protection • • Exposure Protection Exposure Protection • Requirements vary with time • Requirements vary with time • Requirements vary with time • Boilover Potential • Boilover Potential • Boilover Potential • Prior Acceptance by Authorities • • Prior Acceptance by Authorities Prior Acceptance by Authorities
Tank Fire Tank Fire Foam Application Options Foam Application Options Systems Systems Monitors Monitors
Full Surface Fire Response Full Surface Fire Response Full Surface Fire Response Full Surface Foam System Full Surface Foam System
Full Surface Foam System Full Surface Foam System Full Surface Foam System Example Example Example • OMV, Austria • OMV, Austria • OMV, Austria
Full Surface Foam System Full Surface Foam System Full Surface Foam System Considerations Considerations Considerations • Manning Exposure • • Manning Exposure Minimised Manning Exposure Minimised Minimised • Response Time • • Response Time Minimised Response Time Minimised Minimised • Cost • • Cost Cost • System Maintenance / Testing • • System Maintenance / Testing System Maintenance / Testing • Reduced Flow Rates • • Reduced Flow Rates Reduced Flow Rates • Foam Flow Issues if Tank > 60m • • Foam Flow Issues if Tank > 60m Foam Flow Issues if Tank > 60m
Full Surface Fire Response Full Surface Fire Response Full Surface Fire Response Monitor Application Monitor Application
Monitor Attack Monitor Attack Monitor Attack Small tanks (NFPA <~10m) Can use handlines
Monitor Attack Monitor Attack Monitor Attack Examples Examples Examples • Sunoco, • • Sunoco, Sarnia, Canada Sunoco, Sarnia Sarnia, Canada , Canada • Orion, USA • • Orion, USA Orion, USA
Monitor attack started Monitor attack started
Norco Fire, June 2001 Norco Fire, June 2001 83m diameter 83m diameter Gasoline with MTBE Gasoline with MTBE Fire Fire
General industry trend: Response shifting to large capacity monitors A designed, well engineered package Not just and item of equipment!
equipment Russian Typical
Tank Fire Exercise and Demonstration Tank Fire Exercise and Demonstration
First involvement? First involvement? What did I think about the plan to ignite a What did I think about the plan to ignite a 40m diameter tank in the middle of an 40m diameter tank in the middle of an operating refinery and adjacent to other operating refinery and adjacent to other “live” tanks? “live” tanks? “I don’t know whether you are “I don’t know whether you are brave or crazy” brave or crazy”
Test Parameters Test Parameters Tank Diameter 42 m Tank Diameter 42 m 1385 m 2 Surface Area 1385 m 2 Surface Area Total application rate ~10,000 lpm Total application rate ~10,000 lpm 7.2 lpm/m 2 Solution rate 7.2 lpm/m 2 Solution rate 10 lpm/m 2 EN* rate for tank fire 10 lpm/m 2 EN* rate for tank fire EN* Run time 60 mins EN* Run time 60 mins *Draft and dependent on foam quality *Draft and dependent on foam quality
Comparison with real incident Comparison with real incident Test Test Incident Incident Preburn 2-3mins ~hours Preburn 2-3mins ~hours Distortion Distortion Fuel Depth ~30mm ~metres Fuel Depth ~30mm ~metres Response Time Response Time Immediate ~hours Immediate ~hours Fuel Fuel Diesel Crude? Diesel Crude? Care required with drawing too many Care required with drawing too many direct conclusions direct conclusions
However… Valuable lessons to learn!! However… Valuable lessons to learn!! Deployment logistics Deployment logistics Large water flow requirement Large water flow requirement Foam flow (100 lpm if 1% ) Foam flow (100 lpm if 1% ) Radiant heat Radiant heat Test Incident 2004
However… Valuable lessons to learn!! However… Valuable lessons to learn!! Deployment logistics Deployment logistics Large water flow requirement Large water flow requirement Foam flow (100 lpm if 1% ) Foam flow (100 lpm if 1% ) Radiant heat Radiant heat Monitor throw/height Monitor throw/height Smoke plume Smoke plume It is possible!!! It is possible!!! Good planning Good planning Good equipment Good equipment Good training Good training Competent personnel Competent personnel Maybe time dependent Maybe time dependent Crude? Crude?
Monitor Attack Monitor Attack Monitor Attack Scenes Scenes Scenes from from from commissioning trials commissioning trials commissioning trials
Monitor Application Monitor Application Height is Height is important important Beware of range claims! Beware of range claims!
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