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In-Zone Power Distribution for the Next Generation Integrated Power System Generation Integrated Power System ASNE Advanced Naval Propulsion Symposium 2008 December 15-16 2008 Arlington, VA CAPT Norbert Doerry Technical Director, Future

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SLIDE 1

In-Zone Power Distribution for the Next Generation Integrated Power System Generation Integrated Power System

ASNE Advanced Naval Propulsion Symposium 2008 December 15-16 2008 Arlington, VA

CAPT Norbert Doerry

Technical Director, Future Concepts and Surface Ship Design N l S S t C d Naval Sea Systems Command Norbert.doerry@navy.mil Dec 2008 Approved for Public Release CAPT Doerry 1

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SLIDE 2

Agenda

  • NGIPS Technology Development

Roadmap

  • Notional In-zone Power Distribution

Architecture

  • Survivability
  • Quality of Service (QOS)

I

  • Issues

– Load Aggregation – Implementing QOS and Mission Priority Load Shedding – Power Control System Interface with Loads PCM Efficiency – Component Reliability – Maintainability Maintainability – Galvanic Isolation / Grounding – Energy Storage

  • Recommended Future Work

Dec 2008 Approved for Public Release CAPT Doerry 2

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SLIDE 3

NGIPS Technology Development Roadmap

Vision: To produce affordable power solutions for future surface combatants, submarines, expeditionary warfare ships, combat logistic ships, maritime prepositioning force ships, and support vessels. ships, maritime prepositioning force ships, and support vessels.

The NGIPS enterprise approach will:

  • Improve the power density and affordability of

p p y y Navy power systems

  • Deploy appropriate architectures, systems, and

components as they are ready into ship acquisition programs q p g

  • Use common elements such as:
  • Zonal Electrical Distribution Systems (ZEDS)
  • Power conversion modules
  • Electric power control modules
  • Implement an Open Architecture Business and

Technical Model

  • Acknowledge MVDC power generation with

ZEDS as the Navy’s primary challenge for future

Dec 2008 Approved for Public Release CAPT Doerry 3

combatants

http://members.cox.net/papers-doerry/NGIPS_Technology_Dev_Roadmap_final.pdf

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SLIDE 4

NGIPS Technology Development Roadmap

sity

  • wer Den

Hi h F Medium Voltage Direct Current (MVDC) 6 kVDC

  • Reduced power conversion

Eli i t t f

Po

High Frequency Alternating Current (HFAC) 4-13.8kVAC 200-400 Hz

  • Power-dense generation
  • Power-dense transformers
  • Conventional protection

Medium Voltage AC

  • Eliminate transformers
  • Advanced reconfiguration

Now Near Future

DDG 1000

  • Conventional protection

g Power Generation (MVAC) 4-13.8 kVAC 60 Hz

Dec 2008 Approved for Public Release CAPT Doerry 4

Now Near Future

“Directing the Future of Ship’s Power” “Directing the Future of Ship’s Power”

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SLIDE 5

Notional In-Zone Architecture

  • PCM-1A

– Protect the longitudinal bus from in-zone faults – Convert the power from the longitudinal bus to a voltage and frequency that PCM-2A can use – Provide loads with the type of power they need with the requisite power they need with the requisite survivability and quality of service

  • PCM-2A

– Provide loads with the type of power they need with the requisite

VAC)

load load load

VAC)

p y q survivability and quality of service – IPNC (MIL-PRF-32272) can serve as a model

  • Controllable Bus Transfer (CBT)

Provide two paths of power to

PCM-1A MVAC HFAC MVDC

  • r

1000 VDC MVAC HFAC MVDC

  • r

1000 VDC PDM (450

load

Emergency Load via CBT

PDM (600 VDC) PDM (450 PCM-1A PDM (600 VDC)

load load load

Emergency Load and un-interuptible load v ia auctioneering diodes

– Provide two paths of power to loads that require compartment level survivability

Location of Energy Storage within

via PCM-4 via PCM-4

load load

Un-interruptible Load Un-interruptible Load

PCM-2A

Dec 2008 Approved for Public Release CAPT Doerry 5

gy g Architecture still an open issue

Variable Speed Variable Voltage Special Frequency Load

load

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SLIDE 6

Survivability

As applied to Distributed Systems

  • Zonal Survivability

– Zonal Survivability is the ability of the distributed system, when experiencing internal faults due to damage or equipment failure confined to adjacent g q p j zones, to ensure loads in undamaged zones do not experience an interruption in service or commodity parameters outside of normal parameters

  • Sometimes only applied to “Vital Loads”
  • Compartment Survivability

– Even though a zone is damaged, some important loads within the damaged zone may survive. For critical non-redundant mission system equipment and y q p loads supporting in-zone damage control efforts, an increase level of survivability beyond zonal survivability is warranted. – For these loads, two sources of power should be id d h th t if th l d i t d t i provided, such that if the load is expected to survive, at least one of the sources of power should also be expected to survive.

SURVIVABILITY DEALS WITH PREVENTING FAULT PROPOGATION SURVIVABILITY DEALS WITH PREVENTING FAULT PROPOGATION

Dec 2008 Approved for Public Release CAPT Doerry 6

AND WITH RESTORATION OF SERVICE UNDER DAMAGE CONDITIONS AND WITH RESTORATION OF SERVICE UNDER DAMAGE CONDITIONS

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SLIDE 7

Quality of Service

  • Quality of Service is a metric of how reliable a distributed

system provides its commodity (electricity) to the standards required by its users (loads).

  • A failure is any interruption in service or commodity
  • A failure is any interruption in service, or commodity

parameters outside of normal parameters, that results in the load not being capable of performing its function.

– Interruptions in service shorter than a specified amount for a given load are NOT a failure for QOS calculations.

F NGIPS Th ti h i

  • For NGIPS, Three time horizons …

– Uninteruptible loads

  • Interruptions of time t1 – on the order of 2 seconds – are

NOT tolerable – Short-term interruptible loads p

  • Interruptions of time t1 – on the order of 2 seconds –

are tolerable

  • Corresponding to fault detection and isolation

– Long-term interruptible loads

  • Interruptions of time t2 – on the order of 2-5 minutes –

Interruptions of time t2

  • n the order of 2 5 minutes

are tolerable

  • Corresponding to time for bringing additional power

generation on line.

QUALITY OF SERVICE DEALS WITH ENSURING LOADS RECEIVE A QUALITY OF SERVICE DEALS WITH ENSURING LOADS RECEIVE A

Dec 2008 Approved for Public Release CAPT Doerry 7

RELIABLE SOURCE OF POWER UNDER NORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS RELIABLE SOURCE OF POWER UNDER NORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS

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SLIDE 8

Issues

  • Load Aggregation
  • Implementing QOS and

p g Mission Priority Load Shedding

  • Power Control System

Power Control System Interface with Loads

  • PCM Efficiency

C t R li bilit

  • Component Reliability
  • Maintainability
  • Galvanic Isolation /

Galvanic Isolation / Grounding

  • Energy Storage

Dec 2008 Approved for Public Release CAPT Doerry 8

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SLIDE 9

Load Aggregation

Load Type Load Factor Electronics 1.0 Lighting 0.4 – 1.0

  • Load Aggregation is needed to size power

electronics and power distribution system elements.

Receptacles .1 Ventilation .9 Continuous Pumps .9

  • Traditional Methods assume a large number of

relatively small loads – Law of Large Numbers

  • Load Factors

Cycling Pumps .1 to .2 Equipment that is off

  • Demand Factors
  • The relatively small number of loads of a given QOS

level within a zonal system violates the Law of Large Numbers assumption Numbers assumption.

  • Calls for stochastic approaches.
  • See Amy, John, “Modern, High-Converter-Populations

Argue for Changing How to Design Naval Electric Power Systems,” presented at IEEE Electric Ship Technologies Symposium, July 25-27, 2005, Philadelphia, PA.

  • Stochastic methods require a well defined machinery

system Concept of Operations (CONOPS). Dec 2008 Approved for Public Release CAPT Doerry 9

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SLIDE 10

Implementing QOS and Mission Priority Load Shedding

  • Two different prioritization of

loads

Generator Set C (Standby) Generator Set C (Standby) Generator Generator Set B (Offline) Generator Set B (Offline)

– Quality of Service

  • Short term source – load

imbalance Mi i P i it

Short Term Interrupt Long Term Interrupt Generator Set A (Online) Generator Set A (Online) Power Generator Set B (Online) Generator Set B (Online) Short Term Interrupt QOS Shed Loads Generator Set A (Online) Generator Set B (Offline) Generator Set B (Offline) Short Term Interrupt Generator Set A (Online) Generator Set A (Online) Generator Set C (Online) Long Term Interrupt

– Mission Priority

  • Long term source – load

imbalance

Must be able to control small

Un-interruptible

Load Supply Initial Configuration

Un-interruptible

Load Supply QOS Shedding

Un-interruptible

Load Supply Service Restored

  • Must be able to control small

groups or individual loads

– Controllable switches / breakers in power-panels /

Generator Set B (Offline) Generator Set C Generator Set C QOS Generator Set B (Offline) Generator Set C Generator Set C Generator Set C Generator Set B (Offline) Generator Set B (Offline) Mission Priority

breakers in power-panels / switchgear / PCM – Power Control (PCON) control interface with loads

Un-interruptible

Short Term Interrupt Long Term Interrupt Generator Set A (Online) Generator Set A (Online) Power Set C (Online) Set C (Online)

Un-interruptible

Short Term Interrupt Shed Loads Generator Set A (Online) Set C (Offline) Set C (Offline) Long Term Interrupt Generator Set A (Online) Generator Set A (Online) (Offline) Priority Shed Loads Short Term

Dec 2008 Approved for Public Release CAPT Doerry 10

Load Supply Initial Configuration Load Supply QOS Shedding Load Supply Mission Priority Load Shed

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SLIDE 11

Power Control System Interface with Loads

  • PCON interface with loads facilitates

adaptive (QOS and Mission Priority) load shedding

  • Must Specify all layers of the OSI Model.

– Appropriate Standards exist for all but the Application Layer. LONWORKS (ANSI/EIA 709 1 Control – LONWORKS (ANSI/EIA 709.1 Control Networking Standard) could be a model for the Application Layer. – Using power cables for the Media Layers can reduce costs by eliminated dedicated

http://www.3mfuture.com/network_security/arp-guard-arp-spoofing.htm

can reduce costs by eliminated dedicated signal cables.

  • ANSI/EIA 709.2-A-2000 Control

Network Powerline (PL) Channel Specification

LONWORKS Object Model

p

  • IEEE P1901 Draft Standard for

Broadband over Power Line Networks: Medium Access Control and Physical Layer Specifications

Dec 2008 Approved for Public Release CAPT Doerry 11

Echelon 1999

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SLIDE 12

PCM Efficiency

  • Improving the efficiency of the input

and output modules of PCM 2A and PCM 1A i i t t t d i PCM 1A is important to reducing demands on the ships Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) System and equipment (HVAC) System and equipment cooling systems.

  • It’s important to consider part load

efficiency as well as full load efficiency as well as full load efficiency.

  • The efficiency and reliability of the

total thermal management system total thermal management system should be considered.

– Air Cooling vs Chill Water Cooling System Startup

http://powerelectronics.com/spotlight/power_primer/PP-switch-mode-ps-2-Figure03.jpg

Dec 2008 Approved for Public Release CAPT Doerry 12

– System Startup

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SLIDE 13

Component Reliability

  • Affordably achieving Quality of

Service depends on reliability of the in-zone power systems equipment.

A MVAC MVAC PDM (450 VAC)

load load load

Emergency Load via CBT

0 VDC)

PDM (450 VAC) A

0 VDC)

p y q p

– Components that have a reliability much less than 30,000 hours MTBF should be provided with N+1 redundancy

PCM-1A MVAC HFAC MVDC

  • r

1000 VDC via PCM-4 MVAC HFAC MVDC

  • r

1000 VDC via PCM-4 P PDM (600 P PCM-1A PCM-2A PDM (600

load load load

Emergency Load and un-interuptible load v ia auctioneering diodes

– Redundancy is likely not needed for components with a MTBF of about 30,000 hours and a short Mean Time to Repair (MTTR) and a short Mean L i ti D l Ti

load load

Un-interruptible Load Un-interruptible Load Variable Speed Variable Voltage Special Frequency Load

PCM 2A

load

Logistics Delay Time. – The ability to hot swap modules can reduce MTTR.

  • Output modules of PCM 2A and

potentially PCM 1A can directly provide power to loads.

– 30,000+ hours MTBF desirable – Hot swap modules desirable

Dec 2008 Approved for Public Release CAPT Doerry 13

p

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SLIDE 14

Maintainability

  • Integrate equipment tag-out

procedures into Power Control System (PCON), Power Distribution, PCM 1A d PCM 2A PCM-1A and PCM-2A.

  • Provide hot-swappable input and
  • utput modules in PCM-2A to

minimize the number of loads impacted by maintenance action on impacted by maintenance action on the PCM-2A. (and possibly PCM-1A too)

  • Minimize scheduled maintenance on

NGIPS modules – especially those NGIPS modules especially those that are non-redundant in the power system.

  • Integrate Condition Based

Maintenance into

– Power Control System (PCON) – Control interface for NGIPS modules – Power Control System – Load control interface.

Dec 2008 Approved for Public Release CAPT Doerry 14

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SLIDE 15

Galvanic Isolation / Grounding

  • Should PCM-1A provide galvanic

isolation between the Medium Voltage (MV) Bus and the In-Zone Di t ib ti ? Distribution?

  • PCM-1A WITH GALVANIC

ISOLATION

– Prevents Voltage Offsets from ground faults on MV bus from ground faults on MV bus from propagating into the In-Zone Distribution – Weight of isolation transformers can be reduced by using high-frequency t f

Ground Plane AC Waveform

AC)

load load

AC)

transformers.

  • PCM-1A WITHOUT GALVANIC

ISOLATION

– Potentially lighter, smaller, and cheaper

PCM-1A MVAC HFAC MVDC

  • r

1000 VDC MVAC HFAC MVDC

  • r

1000 VDC PDM (450 VA

load

Emergency Load via CBT

PDM (600 VDC) PDM (450 VA PCM-1A PDM (600 VDC)

load load load

Emergency Load and un-interuptible

cheaper. – May require fast removal of ground faults on the MV Bus to prevent insulation system failure in the In- Zone Distribution.

1000 VDC via PCM-4 1000 VDC via PCM-4

load load

Un-interruptible Load Un-interruptible Load

PCM-2A

a d u te upt b e load v ia auctioneering diodes

Dec 2008 Approved for Public Release CAPT Doerry 15

load

Variable Speed Variable Voltage Special Frequency Load

load

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SLIDE 16

Energy Storage

  • Many Potential Uses for Energy

Storage

Reduce rolling reserve

Large Generator Set Small Generator Large Generator Set (Standby)

– Reduce rolling-reserve requirements by providing short- term hold-up of loads while a generator is being brought online.

Long Term Interrupt Large Generator Set (Online) (Standby) Set (Standby) Small Generator Set (Online) Small Generator Set (Online) (Standby) Large Generator Set

  • Could be important for pulse

power loads – Holding up a bus while long-term interrupt loads are shed in an

Un-interruptible

Short Term Interrupt Small Generator Set (Online) Small Generator Set (Online) Energy Storage Energy Storage Power

Load Option A Option C Option B

Set (Online) Small Gen Set (Online)

p

  • rderly manner.

– Providing startup power to generator sets in a “dark ship” start start. – Provide pulse power to loads. – Level loading to delay bringing on an additional generator.

SAFT DAUPHIN Module E: > 9 kWh U average: 3.5V Mass: 120 kg V l 60 lit

Dec 2008 Approved for Public Release CAPT Doerry 16

Volume: 60 liters Li-Ion

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SLIDE 17

Recommended Future Work

  • Update MIL-PRF-32272 (IPNC) to fully

define PCM-2A. Incorporate “switching modules”

  • Develop a Performance Specification for

PCM-1A.

  • Conduct a study to determine the best

approach to implementing the PCON

  • software. Produce an application guide

for producing the PCON software for a given ship application PCM 1A.

  • Produce an in-zone electrical distribution

system design and criteria handbook.

  • Develop a control system interface

between the power system and loads.

  • Determine the viability of producing

g p pp

  • Determine if upon a deficiency of power

generation capacity, loads can be shed fast enough to ensure stable operation. If not, propose design rules for sizing and integrating energy storage to ensure stability Determine the viability of producing affordable militarized hybrid breakers capable of detecting and isolating faults and coordinating with other breakers in less than .5 ms.

  • Conduct tests to determine if ANSI/EIA

709 2 A 2000 C t l N t k P li stability.

  • Develop and document a method for

aggregating loads for sizing power distribution equipment

  • Develop and document a method for

characterizing and estimating loads 709.2-A-2000 Control Network Powerline (PL) Channel Specification is suitable for shipboard applications. Produce an application guide for applying ANSI/EIA 709.2-A-2000 to shipboard applications.

  • Develop an open interface in PCM-1A

characterizing and estimating loads during early stage design to support distribution equipment sizing, design for QOS, and design for Survivability.

  • Determine the reliability of the Input and

Output Power Modules of the IPNC. If t t th 30 000 h id tif Develop an open interface in PCM 1A and PCM-2A for integrating control system hardware such as Programmable Logic Controllers, Control Network Switches and Routers, and control system processors. not greater than 30,000 hours, identify

  • pportunities to improve the reliability.
  • Improve the efficiency of the input and
  • utput power modules of the IPNC.
  • Coordinate with the HVAC community to

ensure future advancements in HVAC Dec 2008 Approved for Public Release CAPT Doerry 17 ensure future advancements in HVAC technology are consistent with NGIPS design implementations.