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I ntegrated Solar and Wind I ntegrated Solar and Wind Energy Powers Oil Recovery Energy Powers Oil Recovery Former St. Croix Alumina (SCA) Former St. Croix Alumina (SCA) site in site in St. Croix, VI St. Croix, VI May 2010 1 May 2010 1

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SLIDE 1

May 2010 May 2010 1 1

I ntegrated Solar and Wind I ntegrated Solar and Wind Energy Powers Oil Recovery Energy Powers Oil Recovery

Former St. Croix Alumina (SCA) Former St. Croix Alumina (SCA) site in site in

  • St. Croix, VI
  • St. Croix, VI
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SLIDE 2

May 2010 May 2010 2 2

Site Location, US VI Site Location, US VI

  • * SCA

* SCA

*SCA

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SLIDE 3

May 2010 May 2010 3 3

Background Background

  • SCA was a bauxite refinery which utilized the

SCA was a bauxite refinery which utilized the “ “Bayer Process Bayer Process” ” to to produce alumina (aluminum oxide), an intermediate product in produce alumina (aluminum oxide), an intermediate product in aluminum manufacturing. The facility was closed in 2002 and is aluminum manufacturing. The facility was closed in 2002 and is slated for redevelopment. slated for redevelopment.

  • I n 1994, EPA became aware of a subsurface oil plume at the SCA

I n 1994, EPA became aware of a subsurface oil plume at the SCA site, which was later shown to be caused by commingled site, which was later shown to be caused by commingled petroleum products released at both SCA (formerly VI ALCO) and petroleum products released at both SCA (formerly VI ALCO) and the adjacent HOVI C (now HOVENSA) petroleum refinery. the adjacent HOVI C (now HOVENSA) petroleum refinery.

  • The contamination exists in the form of a light non

The contamination exists in the form of a light non-

  • aqueous phase

aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) plume of petroleum (mostly diesel) floating on th liquid (LNAPL) plume of petroleum (mostly diesel) floating on the e groundwater in the Kingshill Aquifer and perched groundwater in groundwater in the Kingshill Aquifer and perched groundwater in unconsolidated sediments over the Kingshill. unconsolidated sediments over the Kingshill.

  • Groundwater is not utilized at the SCA facility; however, the

Groundwater is not utilized at the SCA facility; however, the Kingshill Aquifer is used upgradient of the facility and elsewhe Kingshill Aquifer is used upgradient of the facility and elsewhere re

  • n the island where it is less saline.
  • n the island where it is less saline.
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SLIDE 4

May 2010 4

  • ST. CROIX ALUMINA RECOVERY GROUP
  • ST. CROIX ALUMINA RECOVERY GROUP

BACKGROUND

96 344 343 95 53 94 342 141 232

HOVIC Alumina L.L.C. Channel Flood Contro

S

  • t. C

roix A lum ina H O V IC

Property Line

Tank Tank

  • St. Croix

DEPT. PURCHASING PARKING LOT

TANK TANK

ALUMINA PLANT

H IG HW AY TO M ELV IN EVAN S COURT TENNIS GATE TRACK GATE DEPT. PURCHASING

E-5000' E-5500' E-6000' E-6500' E-7000' E-7500' E-8000'

HOVENSA L.L.C. GRID SYSTEM (ft.)

N-8500' N-9000' N-9500' N-10000' N-10500' N-11000' N-11500'

VW1 VW10 VW11 VW12 VW13 VW14 VW15 VW16 VW17 VW18 VW19 VW2 VW20 VW21 VW22 VW23 VW24 VW25 VW26 VW27 VW3 VW4 VW5 VW6 VW7 VW8 VW9R 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.73 1.70 1.11 0.00 0.00 1.25 0.82 1.45 1.64 1.40 0.00 1.80 0.95 0.00 0.95 0.00 0.00 1.03 1.16 1.63 0.91 0.00 0.00

N

LEGEND

OIL THICKNESS, FT ISOPACH CONTOUR OBSERVATION WELL RECOVERY WELL 0.00

  • -0.5--

Oil Thickness (ft) FEBRUARY 2000 DATA

0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1

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SLIDE 5

May 2010 May 2010 5 5

Initial Recovery System Initial Recovery System

  • Under a 2001 RCRA Consent Order, oil recovery began in January

Under a 2001 RCRA Consent Order, oil recovery began in January 2002 through use of four wind 2002 through use of four wind-

  • driven turbine compressors (WTCs)

driven turbine compressors (WTCs) to drive compressed air operated, pneumatic total to drive compressed air operated, pneumatic total-

  • fluid pumps in six

fluid pumps in six recovery wells. recovery wells.

  • The WTC power system was initially selected because electricity

The WTC power system was initially selected because electricity was was not available at this closed site when the project began (the fa not available at this closed site when the project began (the facility cility when operational had previously generated its own power). when operational had previously generated its own power).

  • The WTC

The WTC-

  • powered system was estimated to cost approximately one

powered system was estimated to cost approximately one third the cost to connect to the power grid. This provided an third the cost to connect to the power grid. This provided an economic advantage to using alternative energy instead of economic advantage to using alternative energy instead of additional construction to provide conventional power. additional construction to provide conventional power.

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May 2010 May 2010 6 6

Wind Wind-

  • driven turbine compressors

driven turbine compressors

  • Each WTC is powered by a windmill with 4.33 foot

Each WTC is powered by a windmill with 4.33 foot blades that begin rotating at a wind speed of 4 mph. blades that begin rotating at a wind speed of 4 mph.

  • When wind speed exceeds 30 mph, the blades furl and

When wind speed exceeds 30 mph, the blades furl and turn out of the wind. turn out of the wind.

  • The air compressor is located directly behind the

The air compressor is located directly behind the windmill. windmill.

  • The combined blade/compressor unit is on a hinged

The combined blade/compressor unit is on a hinged tower, and can be lowered to the ground for tower, and can be lowered to the ground for maintenance or protection in case of a hurricane. maintenance or protection in case of a hurricane.

  • Each WTC is designed to generate approximately 45 psi

Each WTC is designed to generate approximately 45 psi

  • f operating pressure (see photos).
  • f operating pressure (see photos).
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SLIDE 7

May 2010 May 2010 7 7

Wind Wind-

  • driven turbine compressors

driven turbine compressors

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May 2010 May 2010 8 8

View of Wind Field at St. Croix Alumina

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May 2010 May 2010 9 9

Power System Power System

  • The capital costs for the initial power system (installation

The capital costs for the initial power system (installation

  • f 4 WTCs and masts) totaled approximately $20,000),
  • f 4 WTCs and masts) totaled approximately $20,000),

which does not include the cost of the fluid recovery which does not include the cost of the fluid recovery gathering and compressed air distribution systems. gathering and compressed air distribution systems.

  • Since then the power system has been expanded to

Since then the power system has been expanded to include four wind include four wind-

  • driven electric generators (WEGs) and

driven electric generators (WEGs) and photovoltaic (PV) panels, both used to power four photovoltaic (PV) panels, both used to power four electric submersible pumps. electric submersible pumps.

  • Electricity in the power grid on St. Croix is generated

Electricity in the power grid on St. Croix is generated from fuel oil. Estimated cost to connect to the SCA from fuel oil. Estimated cost to connect to the SCA recovery system to existing power grid was $100,000. recovery system to existing power grid was $100,000.

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May 2010 May 2010 10 10

Solar Panels Solar Panels

  • In 2004, solar panel arrays were installed to

In 2004, solar panel arrays were installed to power electric submersible pumps which were power electric submersible pumps which were installed in two recovery wells (to supplement installed in two recovery wells (to supplement the free product recovery via pneumatic pumps the free product recovery via pneumatic pumps in six initial recovery wells). in six initial recovery wells).

  • The initial solar system consisted of six free

The initial solar system consisted of six free-

  • standing, 55

standing, 55-

  • W PV arrays installed in fixed

W PV arrays installed in fixed-

  • tilt

tilt position. position.

  • In May 2007 two additional solar panel arrays

In May 2007 two additional solar panel arrays were installed. were installed.

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May 2010 May 2010 11 11

Wind Electric Generators (WEGs) Wind Electric Generators (WEGs)

  • In 2006, two Whisper 200 mast

In 2006, two Whisper 200 mast-

  • mounted WEGs were

mounted WEGs were installed to supplement the electrical power provided by installed to supplement the electrical power provided by solar panels for powering the two wells with submersible solar panels for powering the two wells with submersible pumps (see photo). pumps (see photo).

  • In May 2007, two additional WEGs were installed along

In May 2007, two additional WEGs were installed along with submersible pumps in two additional recovery wells with submersible pumps in two additional recovery wells (total of four wells now having electric submersible (total of four wells now having electric submersible pumps). pumps).

  • Each WEG provides 6.8 kWh per day in a 12 mph wind.

Each WEG provides 6.8 kWh per day in a 12 mph wind.

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May 2010 May 2010 12 12

Wind Electric Generator Wind Electric Generator

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May 2010 May 2010 13 13

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May 2010 May 2010 14 14

Solar Panels Solar Panels

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May 2010 May 2010 15 15

Solar System Solar System Controller Installation Controller Installation

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May 2010 May 2010 16 16

Wind Electric/Solar Integration Wind Electric/Solar Integration

  • Each individual electric pump (total 4) is wired directly to 1 WEG

and the solar panels.

  • A control panel draws electricity from either the WEGs or solar

panels, or a combination of both, based on the power needed by the pump at that instant to lift fluid from the well.

  • It is an "on-demand" system. Power is supplied as Needed, as
  • available. So at night the system operates on WEG power only. If

there is no wind at night, then no fluid is pumped. So (all other things be equal) in general, you can expect maximum pumping rates and power consumption during day-light hours.

  • There are no batteries being charged during the day, etc.
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SLIDE 17

May 2010 May 2010 17 17

Schematic of Wind/Solar Schematic of Wind/Solar Integration Integration

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May 2010 May 2010 18 18

Advantages of Direct Drive System Advantages of Direct Drive System

  • Average instantaneous power demand per pump is

estimated at 150 – 260 watts (depending on fluid levels and column of fluid being raised by the pump).

  • This direct drive electric system (no batteries) has

following advantages:

– lower capital cost, – lower maintenance cost (due to no theft of batteries and need for regular inspection & replacement of batteries); – and no hazardous waste generated by battery disposal.

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May 2010 May 2010 19 19

Capital Cost for WEG and Solar Capital Cost for WEG and Solar Power Equipment Power Equipment

  • The WEGs cost $2,750 each. There are 4

The WEGs cost $2,750 each. There are 4 installed, which totals $11,000. installed, which totals $11,000.

  • Each solar photovoltaic panel cost $597

Each solar photovoltaic panel cost $597

  • each. There are now 24 Photovoltaic
  • each. There are now 24 Photovoltaic

panels (in 8 arrays), which totals $14,328. panels (in 8 arrays), which totals $14,328.

  • 8 Power Controller arrays to merge wind

8 Power Controller arrays to merge wind and solar power and control submersible and solar power and control submersible pumps cost $575 each, which totals pumps cost $575 each, which totals $4600. $4600.

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May 2010 May 2010 20 20

Recovery Pumps Recovery Pumps

  • 4 wells have Grundfos electric submersible

4 wells have Grundfos electric submersible pumps that cost $1600 each. Total for 4 pumps that cost $1600 each. Total for 4 = $6400 = $6400

  • 7 wells have Pneumatic Pumps

7 wells have Pneumatic Pumps (compressed air) that cost $2000 each. (compressed air) that cost $2000 each. Total for 7 = $14,000 Total for 7 = $14,000

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May 2010 May 2010 21 21

Project Costs Project Costs

  • Total capital cost for alternative power equipment

Total capital cost for alternative power equipment (WTCs, WEGs, Solar panels, and system integrator (WTCs, WEGs, Solar panels, and system integrator controllers) was approximately $50,000 . controllers) was approximately $50,000 .

  • Total cost for 11 pumps was $20,400.

Total cost for 11 pumps was $20,400.

  • Does not include costs for well drilling and completion,

Does not include costs for well drilling and completion, and installation of gathering system (flow lines, and installation of gathering system (flow lines, separators, tanks). separators, tanks).

  • Current capital cost for a similar wind/solar powered

Current capital cost for a similar wind/solar powered system and a recovery pump is estimated at $13,800 for system and a recovery pump is estimated at $13,800 for each well. each well.

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May 2010 May 2010 22 22

Recovery Status Recovery Status

  • For most recent six month period (ending December 31,

For most recent six month period (ending December 31, 2009), the system recovered a daily average of 127 2009), the system recovered a daily average of 127 gallons of free product per day. gallons of free product per day.

  • Eleven active recovery wells (7

Eleven active recovery wells (7 “ “total fluid total fluid” ” pumps and 4 pumps and 4 “ “skimmer skimmer” ” pumps). pumps).

  • Through December 31, 2009, a cumulative total of

Through December 31, 2009, a cumulative total of 347,676 gallons of free product has been recovered. 347,676 gallons of free product has been recovered.

  • As of December 31, 2009, the estimated in

As of December 31, 2009, the estimated in-

  • place

place remaining free product is 832,000 gallons. remaining free product is 832,000 gallons.

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May 2010 May 2010 23 23

Fluid Handling Fluid Handling

  • The recovered fluids consisting of oil and commingled

The recovered fluids consisting of oil and commingled groundwater are transported by pressure from the well groundwater are transported by pressure from the well pump system, via above pump system, via above-

  • ground, fiberglass lines to a

ground, fiberglass lines to a separation tank, where the oil and groundwater are separation tank, where the oil and groundwater are separated via gravity separation. separated via gravity separation.

  • The separated oil is then reclaimed at the adjacent

The separated oil is then reclaimed at the adjacent HOVENSA petroleum refinery while the recovered HOVENSA petroleum refinery while the recovered groundwater (average of 25,488 gallons per day during groundwater (average of 25,488 gallons per day during six months ending December 31, 2009) is discharged for six months ending December 31, 2009) is discharged for treatment in a permitted wastewater treatment system treatment in a permitted wastewater treatment system prior to being discharged to the Caribbean Sea. prior to being discharged to the Caribbean Sea.

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May 2010 May 2010 24 24

Benefits Benefits

  • Environmental Benefits

Environmental Benefits – – Reduced emissions of greenhouse gasses (CO Reduced emissions of greenhouse gasses (CO

2 2 ) and other air

) and other air pollutants (SO pollutants (SO

X X , NO

, NO

X X )

) – – Reduced dependency on fossil fuels Reduced dependency on fossil fuels – – Reduced waste generation Reduced waste generation – – Reduced impact on local ecosystems and communities Reduced impact on local ecosystems and communities

  • Economic Benefits

Economic Benefits – – Reduced construction costs for remote sites where utility power Reduced construction costs for remote sites where utility power is unavailable is unavailable – – Power system is portable and can be moved to other sites Power system is portable and can be moved to other sites – – Minimizes on Minimizes on-

  • going power and hazardous waste disposal costs

going power and hazardous waste disposal costs – – Federal tax credits for renewable energy use Federal tax credits for renewable energy use

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SLIDE 25

May 2010 May 2010 25 25

VIEW OF WIND FIELD FACING SOUTH

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SLIDE 26

May 2010 May 2010 26 26

Fluid Gathering Line (Fiberglass) and Compressed Air Distribution Line (Steel) and Well Hook-up

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SLIDE 27

May 2010 May 2010 27 27

TYPICAL WELL / PUMP HOOK UP

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May 2010 May 2010 28 28

Points of Contact Points of Contact

  • Project Operator for the St. Croix Alumina

Project Operator for the St. Croix Alumina Respondents Group (former Respondents Group (former

  • wners/operators of both the alumina
  • wners/operators of both the alumina

facility and the adjacent petroleum facility and the adjacent petroleum refinery) is Hess Oil. refinery) is Hess Oil.

  • EPA point of contact is Tim Gordon, RCRA

EPA point of contact is Tim Gordon, RCRA Programs Branch, EPA Region 2, phone Programs Branch, EPA Region 2, phone (212) 637 (212) 637-

  • 4167, gordon.timothy@epa.gov

4167, gordon.timothy@epa.gov