HYPRES, Inc. Elmsford, NY HYPRES Corporate offices and R&D labs since 1983 Superconductor MicroElectronics HYPRES www.hypres.com 1
HYPRES Technology HYPRES SME technology is HYPRES SME technology is so accurate that it defines the Volt, so accurate that it defines the Volt, so sensitive that it measures brain currents, so sensitive that it measures brain currents, so fast that it directly converts RF signals. so fast that it directly converts RF signals. Based on a naturally occurring periodic quantum effect Based on a naturally occurring periodic quantum effect — Rapid Single Flux Quantum (RSFQ) — Rapid Single Flux Quantum (RSFQ) Brings the Power of Digital Processing to the RF Domain Brings the Power of Digital Processing to the RF Domain and changes the Paradigm of Wireless Communications and changes the Paradigm of Wireless Communications SME = Superconductor Micro-Electronics HYPRES 2
Unique Features of Superconductor Technology Single Flux Quantum (SFQ) logic is the world’s fastest � Ultra-High digital logic speed (Devices ~10X faster than semiconductor, LSI ~ 50X faster than semiconductor) 10,000X lower than semiconductor technology � Ultra-Low power dissipation (Power dissipation for LSIC ~ 1 mW, Switching energy ~ 10 -18 J) Defines the Volt � Quantum accuracy (5ppb accuracy at 10V) � Fundamental linearity using Very High-SFDR ADC and DAC (Conversion between analog and digital domains through flux magnetic flux quantization quantum ( Φ 0 = h/2e) is independent of circuit parameters) SQUID (ADC front-end) is the most sensitive energy detector � Extremely high sensitivity ~60dB better than conventional semiconductor front end (Example ~ -155dBm for 1 MHz BW, with slope of 20 dBm/decade) � Extremely low noise Receiver System Noise Temperature T S ~ T A (Thermal noise is essentially “0”) Speed-of-light transmission in LSI circuits, no RC delay � Ideal interconnects Low-impedance superconductor interconnects have negligible loss, dispersion and crosstalk � Simple, inexpensive IC Much less expensive complex chips and facilities / equipment to produce chips than semiconductors fabrication (~10 steps, no expensive operations, Thin Film ) Result: Digital-RF Technology High-fidelity, wideband, high-sensitivity digital representation and subsequent processing (“RF HYPRES DSP”: channelization/correlation, spectrum control, broadband beamforming,..) of RF waveforms 3
Market Applications • Wireless Communication � Mobile and Fixed Cellular � Satellite � Terrestrial � Switches and Routers (Military, Commercial, & Civil) • Additional Markets � Defense — EW, SIGINT, RADAR, … � Ultra-High Speed Computing � Instrumentation � Medical HYPRES 4
Commercial Wireless Base Stations HYPRES 5
HYPRES Product Benefits for Wireless Networks Summary � Massively Reduced Network Capital Expenditures - Much Fewer Base Stations - Lower Capitalization per Base Station - Postponement (“one size fits all”– “air interface immune”) � Substantially Reduced Operating Expense � Enhanced Revenues and Margins � Significantly Enhanced Performance � Unparalleled Reliability & Flexibility � A “Natural” for Distributed Radio (over fiber, etc.) � Boost Spectral Efficiency (HSDPA, etc.) � Future-Proof Products -- beyond 3G (>30Mb/s inherent) � Extended Mobile Battery Life/Throughput HYPRES Digital- -RF enables the next generation Base Station RF enables the next generation Base Station HYPRES Digital HYPRES 6
Digital-RF Transceiver Antenna Digital Down-converter Digital A/D Analog Filter Decimation Converter Filter Digital Signal Processor Duplexer Digital (MODEM, Local CODEC, Oscillators INFOSEC etc.) Dynamic Digital D/A Digital Interpolation HPA Converter Equalizer Filter Digital Up-converter Ambient Temperature Electronics Cryogenic Superconductor Electronics Brings the power of digital processing to the RF domain HYPRES 7
Complete Digital-RF Transceiver Enables the All-Digital Software Radio Commercial Version � Total functionality of a base station in a single product excluding power amplifiers, antenna/tower, and standard ancillary equipment Channelizer/ Baseband Baseband Network RF Digital-RF Network Combiner DSP DSP Interface HYPRES HYPRES Cryogenic Superconductor Electronics Ambient Temperature Electronics 8
Traditional Base HYPRES Base Traditional Base HYPRES Base vs . vs . Station Electronics Station Electronics Station Electronics Station Electronics “Lots of” RF GSM Plumbing TRx Module No Loss Duplexer Duplexer Duplexer Duplexer Analog Digital Signal Processing To BSC Network Interface To BSC Network Interface Narrowband DSP Narrowband DSP TRx TRx H P A Broadband Broadband C h a n n e l i z e r H P A C h a n n e l i z e r DSPs DSPs Network Interface Network Interface PA TRx TRx C C o o m m b b i i n n e e r r PA RF Splitter RF Splitter Narrowband Narrowband DSP DSP RF Combiner RF Combiner TRx TRx Software PA PA Definable/Programmable • • • • Ultra Wideband for HYPRES SME • • Narrowband Narrowband DSP DSP TRx TRx PA PA Multi-Protocol “Future Proof” � Software Definable, High Speed Data Ready � Loss Free, Digital RF Combining/Splitting � Expensive � Least Hardware, Highest Reliability, Lowest Cost � Difficult to upgrade and add channels � Inefficient – multiple transceivers � Inefficient – multiple PA and lossy combiners � Very inefficient for high speed data � HYPRES Bandwidth limited � 9
Expanded Range of High Maximum Data Rate Conventional Receiver HYPRES Receiver Designed Cell Boundary Max Min HYPRES Data Rate 10
Massively Time-multiplexed Processing � HYPRES SME Processing � Conventional Processing � Fast, Serial Hardware � Slow, Parallel Hardware � Time-sharing of tasks Digital Digital � Hardware re-use Correlator Correlator � Uniquely flexible Major Cost Saving Digital Digital Correlator Correlator Conventional Conventional SCE SCE SCE SCE Receiver Receiver Receiver Digital Receiver Digital Front- -End End Front Digital Digital Front- -End End Correlator Front Correlator Correlator Correlator Digital Digital Correlator Correlator HYPRES 11
Multi-User Detection (MUD) for UMTS & CDMA � CDMA systems are severely interference limited SNR = S/(N+I), N<<I � Removing interference through multi-user detector can increase system capacity by 2-10X � This also enables higher data rates, low mobile power, and easier system administration � Successive Interference Canceller (SIC) is a multi-user detector scheme for removal of interferers in sequential steps of interference estimation and subtraction � Sequential subtraction provides better interference cancellation at the expense of greater processing Tera-Operations DSP Required HYPRES 12
RSFQ Successive Interference Canceller Antenna Partial Partial Crosscorrelation Crosscorrelation Unit Unit SME SME SME SME Iterative Iterative Receiver Digital Receiver Digital Linear System Linear System Solver Solver Front- -End End Correlator Front Correlator Successive Successive Why RSFQ? Interference Interference CMOS cannot do it in real time due to insufficient speed Canceller (SIC) Canceller (SIC) Parallel algorithms are inefficient and often do not converge at all RSFQ SIC is based on a simple Gauss-Seidel iterative algorithm that converges quickly HYPRES 13
Prototype SIC chip Spreading Code Generator & Multiply Accumulate Unit HYPRES 14
Superconducting Back-End Processors � Superior speed of SME can produce independent multi-Tera-Ops back-end digital signal processor products for conventional transceivers � Successive Interference Canceller (SIC) to sequentially cancel interferers, starting with the largest one -- Large (up to ~ 10X) increase in capacity � Massively time-multiplexed correlation-based Walsh- Hadamard (WH) Demodulator -- Large cost savings � Separate WH Demodulators are now used for each multipath of each reverse link being processed by a base station (parallel processing) � Serialization of tasks using SME processors provide hardware savings by more than an order of magnitude (serial processing) HYPRES 15
HYPRES SME Correlation- -Based Receivers Provide Based Receivers Provide HYPRES SME Correlation Optimum Performance in the Digital- -RF Domain RF Domain Optimum Performance in the Digital Digital Multiplier Digital A/D Correlation Converter Filter/Processor In near real time In near real time Signal characteristics known Digital the optimum matched filter receiver the optimum matched filter receiver Waveform Generator Uses matched waveform to perform digital filtering (correlation) in both the time and frequency domain achieving maximum receive efficiency Hardware is not specific to any analog/digital modulation (FM, PM, MPSK, etc.) or multiple access scheme (FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, MIMO, OFDM, etc.) Real-time Correlator combines functions of downconversion, demodulation, and decoding Direct RF Digital Demodulation in one unit Rapid Φ locking to RF carrier permits tracking of signals with time varying phase and frequency: Tx drift, Doppler-shift, signal hopping, etc. Processes out (suppresses) un-correlated noise & interference over repetitive samples; i.e., increases the system SNR & SIR HYPRES 16
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