Koepk Koepke Farm Farms, Inc. s, Inc. The majority of sediment - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Single Storm Event Loss Comparison to Total Annual Sediment and Nutrient Loss

Koepk Koepke Farm Farms, Inc. s, Inc.

Koepke

Koepke Koepke Far Farms, Inc Inc.

• The majority of sediment and nutrient losses from Koepke

Farms, Inc. occurred every year during one or two major storm events.

• A close evaluation of these single storm events, including the

timing, storm intensity and volume can help develop better nutrient and land management practices for agricultural cropland.

• This presentation provides information on how sediment and

nutrient losses compare between single storms and the annual loss in both surface runoff and through tile flow.

Koepke

Surface and Tile Water Monitoring

• Water quality monitoring was conducted from

Jun 2005 through Oct 2009, on one surface water runoff site and two tile flow sites.

• The study design was twofold
• Two tile sites would allow for water

quality analysis under different cropping systems

• Concurrent surface and tile monitoring at
• ne location would allow for comparison
• f quantity and quality of surface runoff

versus tile flow.

Koepke Koepke Far Farms, Inc Inc.

• FY06 and FY09 had lower than average precipitation
• FY07 and FY08 had higher than average precipitation
• Surface water runoff ranged from 5% ‐ 16% of annual

precipitation.

Koepke Koepke Far Farms, Inc Inc.

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 FY2009*

Precipitation and Runoff, in Inches

Yearly Precipitation and Surface Runoff Koepke Farm, Oconomowoc, WI

Frozen Precip. (L.E.) Non‐frozen Precip. KP3 Runoff 5% 5% 16%

30‐yr Avg. Precipitation (33.9 inches)

Percent of precipitation that ran off KP3 FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 FY2009

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• A combination of environmental and management factors can

result in large differences between total annual losses vs. single storm losses of nutrients and/or sediment.

• Major environmental factors include:
• Timing, volume and intensity of rainfall, frozen vs. non‐frozen

soil, depth of snow and/or ice crusting, and soil moisture

• Major management factors include: crops grown, tillage, nutrient

application rates, timing and methods

Koepke Koepke Far Farms, Inc Inc.

Koepke

Single Storm Surface Loss

• Sediment:

90% of annual

• Phosphorus:

85% of annual

• Nitrogen:

72% of annual

Koepke Koepke Far Farms, Inc Inc.

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 Percent of Annual Loss

Highest Single Storm Event Loss for Each Field Year at Surface Site KP3 as a Percent of Annual Total Loss

Sediment loss Total Phosphorus loss Total Nitrogen loss

Max single storm contribution through 3 years:

Koepke

Single Storm Surface Loss

Koepke Koepke Far Farms, Inc Inc.

• The largest volume runoff events generally resulted in the largest

sediment, P and N loss.

– As high volumes of water move across a no‐till field, high yields of P and N are lost regardless if ground is frozen or non‐frozen.

• High surface sediment loss

– Mostly related to large rainfall and runoff events

• High surface P loss

– Generally occurred during snowmelt (March) or large summer storms

• High surface N loss

– Occurred with the largest runoff events – Resulted from both snowmelt or heavy rains.

Koepke

Koepke Koepke Far Farms, Inc Inc.

Sediment Phosphorus Nitrogen Site Year Date % Total Flow % Total Sediment Date % Total Flow % Total Total P Date % Total Flow % Total Total N KP3 (surface) FY2006 04/07/06 9.1 46.3 03/09/06 78.2 85.1 03/09/06 78.2 72.4 FY2007 10/04/06 51.7 89.4 10/04/06 51.7 62.2 10/04/06 51.7 70.3 FY2008 06/08/08 37.8 46.4 06/08/08 37.8 31.5 06/08/08 37.8 21.3 KP1 (tile) FY2006 05/17/06 12.1 33.5 04/07/06 8.8 19.5 05/17/06 12.1 12.9 FY2007 11/30/06 1.7 21.9 03/12/07 1.8 16.4 04/27/07 12.5 14.3 FY2008 02/20/08 2.4 27.9 03/13/08 1.2 17.6 06/19/08 16.1 15.6 KP2 (tile) FY2006 05/17/06 15.5 31.9 01/01/06 3.2 26.7 05/17/06 15.5 18.0 FY2007 10/04/06 1.1 30.4 08/22/07 2.3 12.8 04/27/07 10.3 11.0 FY2008 02/20/08 1.4 16.8 04/25/08 1.3 17.4 06/19/08 12.1 9.7

Surface runoff: largest volume events generally resulted in the largest sediment, P and N loss. Large storms had more impact on surface runoff than tile flow. Highest single storm losses for each year at each monitoring site

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Koepke

Single Storm Tile Loss

Koepke Koepke Far Farms, Inc Inc.

• Tile on this farm ran almost continuously and length of flow

events varied from a few days to over a month.

• Thus, single storm analysis of tile events is not comparable

to surface events.

– It is difficult to determine whether a constituent is from a storm

• r from base flow.
• Therefore, the data provided for tile drainage is presented
• n a sampled event basis.

Koepke

Single Storm Tile Loss

• Sediment:

30% of annual

• Phosphorus:

27% of annual

• Nitrogen:

18% of annual

Koepke Koepke Far Farms, Inc Inc.

Max single storm contribution through 3 years:

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 Percent of Annual Loss

Highest Single Storm Event Loss for Each Field Year at Tile Site KP2 as a Percent of Annual Total Loss

Sediment loss Total Phosphorus loss Total Nitrogen loss

Lower % of annual losses in tile (20‐30%) vs surface (70‐90%)

Koepke

Single Storm Tile Loss

Koepke Koepke Far Farms, Inc Inc.

• Highest sediment, phosphorus, and nitrogen loss events often occurred

during different storms in tile

– Different than highest surface losses, typically occurred on the same date for all 3 constituents

• Single event sediment loss was much higher than phosphorus and

nitrogen. Highest single event sediment loss in tile was typically observed during spring snowmelt and large early spring rain events

Koepke

Single Storm Tile Loss

Koepke Koepke Far Farms, Inc Inc.

• Tile phosphorus loss from a single storm was also highest during spring

snowmelt and large early spring rain events

• Tile nitrogen loss from a single storm was consistently lower than

sediment and phosphorus.

• Highest nitrogen loss from both tiles (east and west basin) occurred on

the same storm event, unlike sediment and phosphorus.

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Single Storm Tile Loss

• In tile, sediment and phosphorus loss are not directly correlated to

runoff volume

• Total nitrogen loss does have a close relationship to tile flow

Koepke Koepke Far Farms, Inc Inc.

Total Sediment Total Phosphorus Total Nitrogen % runoff % total % runoff % total % runoff % total Surface 32.9 60.7 55.9 59.6 55.9 54.6 Tile 5.7 27.1 3.1 18.4 13.1 13.6

Highest single storm average losses through 3 – year study period

Koepke

Conclusions

Koepke Koepke Far Farms, Inc Inc.

• Surface runoff from a single storm can contribute

– nearly 90% of the sediment loss, – over 80% of total P loss, – and over 70% of total N loss for the entire field year.

Koepke

Conclusions

Koepke Koepke Far Farms, Inc Inc.

• Tile flow from a single event basis delivered

– over 30% of the sediment loss, – up to 27% of total P loss, – and 18% of total N loss for the entire field year.

• Single storm events that contribute the majority of

the total annual sediment, phosphorus, and nitrogen loss appear to be more prominent in surface runoff than tile flow.