1/9/2012 Koepke Koepke Far Farms, Inc Inc. Surface and Tile Water Monitoring Koepk Koepke Farm Farms, Inc. s, Inc. All monitoring began on June 1, 2005 • KP1: Tile monitoring site Water Budget at Koepke Farms, Inc. • The East basin • 81 acres • Monitoring ended October 2009 • Separated from other sites by drain ditch • KP2: Tile monitoring site • The West basin • 28 acres • Monitoring ended October 2009 • KP3: Surface monitoring site • The West basin • 6.1 acres • Monitoring ended September 2008 • Koepke Koepke Koepke Koepke Farms, Inc Far Inc. Farms, Inc Far Inc. Surface and Tile Water Monitoring Koepke Water Budget The contributing area for the two tile line • All data is based on the definition of a field year (FY): • sites were influenced by a fluctuating water table that extended beyond the perceived 12 ‐ month period from Oct 1 through Sept 30 of the following year • boundaries Calculating yield for tile sites was not • Allows water monitoring activities to coincide with crop production cycle • possible; exact area unknown Harvest after Sept is tied to the previous field year, but activities (tillage, fertilizer, • Koepke Farms has hydric soils, formed • manure, etc) done after harvest are for the following year’s crop under saturated conditions for periods long enough to create anaerobic conditions Precipitation is referred to as either frozen or non ‐ frozen • Drain tile installed to increase crop • production All frozen precipitation was converted to its liquid • Due to poorly drained soils, dense • equivalent for analysis consistency glacial material, and a seasonally high water table 1
1/9/2012 Koepke Koepke Koepke Koepke Far Farms, Inc Inc. Farms, Inc Far Inc. Field Year 2005 Summary Field Year 2006 Summary Yearly Precipitation and Surface Runoff Partial Field Year (June 1 ‐ Sept 30) Total precipitation was 33 inches, a little • • Koepke Farm, Oconomowoc, WI 11.3 inches precipitation; no surface runoff less than the 30 year average of 33.9 inches • 50 Precipitation and Runoff, in Inches Frozen Precip. (L.E.) Non ‐ frozen Precip. KP3 Runoff 92 percent fell as rain 45 • 40 30 ‐ yr Avg. Precipitation (33.9 inches) 35 Site water runoff season • 30 KP1 – Tile 25 • 20 26% during frozen ground conditions • 15 16% 10 KP2 – Tile 5% 5% • 5 20% during frozen ground conditions 0 • FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 FY2009* FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 FY2009 Percent of precipitation that ran off KP3 KP3 – Surface • 5% of total rainfall • FY06 and FY09 had lower than average precipitation 81% during frozen ground conditions • • FY07 and FY08 had higher than average precipitation • Surface water runoff ranged from 5% ‐ 16% of annual • precipitation. Koepke Koepke Koepke Koepke Farms, Inc Far Inc. Farms, Inc Far Inc. Field Year 2007 Summary Field Year 2008 Summary Total precipitation was 38.6 inches, a lot more Total precipitation was 43.2 inches, a lot more • • than the 30 year average of 33.9 inches than the 30 year average of 33.9 inches 92 percent fell as rain 84 percent fell as rain • • 30% of the total precipitation fell in June • Site water runoff season • Site water runoff season KP1 – Tile • • 14% during frozen ground conditions KP1 – Tile • • 32% during frozen ground conditions • KP2 – Tile • 16% during frozen ground conditions KP2 – Tile • • 36% during frozen ground conditions • KP3 – Surface • 5% of total rainfall KP3 – Surface • • 3% during frozen ground conditions 16% of total rainfall • • 7% during frozen ground conditions • 2
1/9/2012 Koepke Koepke Koepke Koepke Farms, Inc Far Inc. Farms, Inc Far Inc. Field Year 2009 Summary Precipitation and runoff summary Total precipitation was 31.8 inches, a little less • Precipitation Surface KP3 Tile KP2 Tile KP1 Field Year (inches/acre) (inches/acre) (million gallons) (million gallons) than the 30 year average of 33.9 inches 27.1 inches fell as rain 2005* • (June 1 ‐ Sept 11.3* 0.0* 0.05* 0.03* 30) Site water runoff season • 2006 33.0 1.7 6.0 3.5 KP1 – Tile • 25% during frozen ground conditions • 2007 43.2 2.1 15.9 15.1 2008 38.6 6.1 17.0 25.9 KP2 – Tile • 35% during frozen ground conditions • 2009 31.8 n/a 10.6 11.2 * Annotates partial field year. 30 yr avg precip = 33.9 inches. KP3 – Surface • No data, site removed during this field year • Annual precipitation and • Surface runoff from KP3 (yield) and • Tile flow volume from KP2 and KP1 (load) • Koepke Koepke Koepke Koepke Farms, Inc Far Inc. Farms, Inc Far Inc. Relationship Between Precipitation and Tile Flow Relationship Between Precipitation, Tile Flow, and Surface Runoff Tile discharge daily average, in There is a rapid response to precipitation when soils were at high moisture 3.0 8 • 2.5 7 contents 24 ‐ hour Rainfall, in Inches gallons/second 2.0 6 1.5 5 Once tile flow was continuous, response times to events corresponded with • 1.0 4 the amount of tile flow present before the event 0.5 3 0.0 2 Low tile flow resulted in a response longer than a half an hour • ‐ 0.5 1 ‐ 1.0 0 Medium to high tile flow resulted in a response time of about 10 minutes 06/01/05 07/01/05 07/31/05 08/31/05 09/30/05 10/31/05 11/30/05 12/31/05 01/30/06 03/01/06 04/01/06 05/01/06 06/01/06 07/01/06 08/01/06 08/31/06 10/01/06 10/31/06 11/30/06 12/31/06 01/30/07 03/02/07 04/01/07 05/02/07 06/01/07 07/02/07 08/01/07 08/31/07 10/01/07 10/31/07 12/01/07 12/31/07 01/31/08 03/01/08 03/31/08 05/01/08 05/31/08 07/01/08 07/31/08 08/31/08 09/30/08 10/31/08 11/30/08 12/30/08 01/30/09 03/01/09 04/01/09 05/01/09 06/01/09 07/01/09 08/01/09 08/31/09 09/30/09 • This is likely due to the well developed soil structure and macropores caused by the • no ‐ till cropping system Tile flow responds rapidly to rain when Blue = Rain. soils have high moisture content; 10 ‐ 30 Red = KP1. minutes. No ‐ till / Macropores. Brown = KP2 3
1/9/2012 Koepke Koepke Koepke Koepke Far Farms, Inc Inc. Far Farms, Inc Inc. Relationship Between Precipitation, Tile Flow, and Surface Runoff Relationship Between Precipitation, Tile Flow, and Surface Runoff Surface versus tile discharge Surface & tile discharge, in gallons/second The tile flow at KP2 had to be running • 4 0.3 at near capacity before there was surface runoff detected at site KP3 3 0.25 Tiles flowing at capacity Hourly Precipitation, in Inches (5 ‐ minute interval) 2 0.2 This was not true of some runoff • events during snowmelt when runoff 1 0.15 could not rapidly enter the tile system 0 0.1 Surface The organic mat of plant residue aids Tile ‐ 1 0.05 • Rain to trap precipitation on the soil ‐ 2 0 surface, lessening potential for surface runoff Precipitation infiltrates soil due to • Example over a 3 ½ day period – Tile drainage has strong influence well developed soil structure and over surface runoff. For most surface runoff events, surface flow macropores caused by the no ‐ till did not occur until tile line was discharging at or near full capacity. cropping system Koepke Koepke Koepke Koepke Farms, Inc Far Inc. Farms, Inc Far Inc. Conclusions Tile Flow and Basin Topography / Size The general precipitation trends during the monitoring • Tile flow volumes were different between the two tile sites over time • period were higher than the 30 year average KP1 had a higher relative flow volume in FY05 and FY06 • KP2 had a higher relative flow volume in FY07 and FY08 • Surface runoff values varied between 5% and 16% of total • The two site were similar in FY09 • annual precipitation The surface topography at site KP1 was nearly 3 times larger • Tile lines were intercepting lateral flow ‐ except in very • than KP2 (81 and 28 acres, respectively) droughty conditions KP1 should have a higher flow volume • Tile line flow had a rapid response to precipitation, • especially when soils were at high moisture contents Total tile line flow volume was nearly equal over the study period (56 and 50 • million gallons, respectively) Tile line drainage has a strong influence over surface • runoff Could be due to the high water table present, contributing • lateral flow groundwater from an area larger than – and Fluctuating water tables made it difficult to determine • outside the drainage basin defined by surface topography the area contributing to the tile monitoring sites 4
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