History of the Internet Dr. Christian Rohner Aeneas, ca. 350BC - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Communications Research Group

History of the Internet

• Dr. Christian Rohner

Early Communication “Networks”

Aeneas, ca. 350BC

Samuel F. B. Morse (1791-1872)

1837: Morse alphabet 1844: Long distance call 1857: Telegraph [Sir Charles Wheatstone]

• 100 words/minute

1879: Light [Thomas Edison]

Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922)

1876: Invention of the telephone 1889: Automatic telephone switch [Almon B. Strowger] 1900: Telegraph [Emile Baudot] 1935: “Fröken ur” 1957: Satellite [Sergei Pavlovich Korolev] 1966: International call by direct calling 1988: Digital network (ISDN)

Telephone Network

Source: Ericsson AB

Telephone Switch in Paris, 1885

Circuit Switching

circuit |ˈsərkət|

noun 1 a roughly circular line, route, or movement that starts and finishes at the same place : I ran a circuit of the village.

• a complete and closed path around which a circulating electric current can flow.
• a system of electrical conductors and components forming such a path.

DEC PDP-11 1970 Ericsson Telegraph 1885

Advances in Technology

• 1947: Transistor [Bardeen and Brattain]

Packet Switching

From Circuit to Packet Switched

The ARPAnet

• 1960: Telephone is the dominant communication

network (modem)

• 1961: packet switching [Kleinrock]
• 1967: Plan for the ARPAnet as a packet switched net
• 1969: First installation at UCLA, Stanford, UCSB, Utah
• 1972: first public demonstration (15 nodes)

[Kahn]

• NCP (Network Control Protocol), first host-to-host protocol
• first e-mail program

ARPAnet

1969 1972 1977

Interconnection

Connecting to the ARPAnet: Birth of TCP/IP

• 1970: ALOHAnet radio network in Hawaii
• 1973: Ethernet [Metcalfe]
• 1974: Architecture for interconnecting networks

[Cerf, Kahn]

• minimalism, autonomy - no internal changes required to

interconnect networks

• best effort service model
• stateless routers
• decentralised control
• late 1970’s: proprietary architectures

Proliferation of Networks

More hosts and more protocols

• 1979: 200 hosts connected to the ARPAnet
• 1990: 100’000 hosts (mainly at universities)
• 1983: NCP > TCP/IP transition (in one day!)
• 1988: TCP congestion control [Jacobson], DNS
• National networks
• e.g., Minitel in France: data networking into everyone’s home
• X.25, virtual cirquits
• 20’000 services: public directories, home banking, research database, etc
• 20% of population

Internet Explosion

From the University to the People

• Early 1990’s: Web
• hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960]
• HTML, HTTP [Berners-Lee at CERN]
• 1994: Mosaic, later Netscape
• late 1990’s: commercialisation of the Web
• Late 1990’s
• more killer applications: instant messaging, peer-to-peer file

sharing

• network security
• >250 million hosts, >0.6 billion users

IP addresses 1999

January 2000 October 2000 April 2005 April 2005

http://www.caida.org/analysis/topology/

The Lifecycle of Technology

• Sequence of Innovations
• what is hot today, is cold tomorrow
• only few technologies have a long lifetime
• often, it is not the performance that decides for the success

Time Usage Performance Formfactor etc.

Ubiquitous Computing