History of Computers Dr. Sarah Harris My Background Stanford - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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History of Computers Dr. Sarah Harris My Background Stanford - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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History of Computers Dr. Sarah Harris My Background Stanford University: Ph.D. & M.S.. 1998, 2005 (Electrical & Computer Engineering) Harvey Mudd College: Assistant/Associate Professor (2004-2014) UNLV: Associate Professor

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SLIDE 1

History of Computers

  • Dr. Sarah Harris
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SLIDE 2

My Background

  • Stanford University: Ph.D. &

M.S.. 1998, 2005 (Electrical & Computer Engineering)

  • Harvey Mudd College:

Assistant/Associate Professor (2004-2014)

  • UNLV: Associate Professor (2014
  • present)
  • Industry experience: Hewlett-

Packard, Nvidia, Intel, Sierra Wireless, Southwest Research Institute, Qualcomm, etc.

5/15/2017 2

  • Dr. Sarah Harris
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SLIDE 3

Introduction

  • Computers have revolutionized our world.

– Smart phones, internet, rapid advances in medicine, etc.

  • The semiconductor industry has grown from $21

billion in 1985 to $335 billion in 2016.

5/15/2017 3

  • Dr. Sarah Harris
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SLIDE 4

History of Computers

5/15/2017 4

  • Dr. Sarah Harris
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SLIDE 5

The First Digital Computer

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  • Dr. Sarah Harris
  • Designed by Charles Babbage,

British mathematician, inventor

  • He worked on it from 1834 –

1871

  • Considered to be the first digital

computer

  • Built from mechanical gears,

where each gear represented a discrete value (0-9)

  • Babbage died before it was

finished

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SLIDE 6

The First Computer Program

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  • Dr. Sarah Harris
  • Ada Lovelace wrote the

first computer program.

  • Her program calculated

the Bernoulli numbers on Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine.

  • She was the daughter of

the poet Lord Byron.

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SLIDE 7

Boolean Algebra – George Boole

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  • Dr. Sarah Harris
  • Born to working class parents
  • Taught

himself mathematics and joined the faculty of Queen’s College in Ireland

  • Wrote An Investigation of the Laws of

Thought (1854)

  • Introduced binary variables (1’s, 0’s)
  • Introduced

the three fundamental logic operations: AND, OR, and NOT

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SLIDE 8

Vacuum Tube

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  • Dr. Sarah Harris
  • Invented by John Fleming, a

British electrical engineer and physicist

  • Basic component of electronics

in first half of 20th century

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SLIDE 9

Vacuum Tube-Based Computers

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  • Dr. Sarah Harris
  • Z3 computer, invented by

Konrad Zuse in 1941

  • ABC (Atanasoff-Berry

Computer), 1942

  • ENIAC, 1946 – weighed 30

tons and had 18,000 vacuum tubes

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SLIDE 10

Transistors

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  • Dr. Sarah Harris
  • John Bardeen, Walter Brattain,

and William Shockley invent the transistor at Bell Labs

  • The first transistor was huge –

about the size of the palm of your hand

  • Now you can fit billions of

transistors in the palm of your hand

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SLIDE 11

Transistors

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  • Dr. Sarah Harris
  • 3-terminal voltage-controlled device

g s d g = 0 s d g = 1 s d OFF ON

Operation:

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SLIDE 12

Transistors

5/15/2017 12

  • Dr. Sarah Harris
  • 3-terminal voltage-controlled device

n p gate source drain substrate n n p gate source drain substrate n GN D GN D VDD GN D +++++++

  • - - - - - -

channel

g s d g = 0 s d g = 1 s d OFF ON

Operation: Physical Device:

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SLIDE 13

Transistors

5/15/2017 13

  • Dr. Sarah Harris
  • 3-terminal voltage-controlled device

n p gate source drain substrate n n p gate source drain substrate n GN D GN D VDD GN D +++++++

  • - - - - - -

channel

NOT

Y = A A Y 1 1 A Y

VDD A Y GND N1 P1

g s d g = 0 s d g = 1 s d OFF ON

Operation: Physical Device: Example:

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SLIDE 14

Supercomputers

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  • Dr. Sarah Harris
  • High-performance computers
  • Expensive
  • Examples:
  • Cray-1 built in 1975
  • Cost: $8 million
  • Performance:160 MFLOPS

(millions of floating point operations per second)

  • Cray-2 (1985)
  • Cost: $32 million
  • Performance: 9 GFLOPS
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SLIDE 15

Personal Computers (PCs)

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  • Dr. Sarah Harris
  • Low-cost, low-performance
  • IBM PC (1981)
  • Cost: $1,500 (~ $3,600 in current

USD)

  • 5 MHz clock
  • 1 MIPS (million instructions per

second)

  • Mac (1984)
  • Cost: $2,500 (~$5,000 in current

USD)

  • 7.8 MHz clock
  • 128 KB RAM
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SLIDE 16

Modern Computers

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  • Dr. Sarah Harris
  • High-performance:
  • E.g., Core i7 (4 core) 161,000 MIPS
  • Specialized:
  • Graphics processor (GPU)
  • Digital signal processor (DSP)
  • Multi-core
  • Low-cost:
  • Microcontrollers (in dishwashers,

toasters, etc.)

  • Internet of Things (IoT)
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SLIDE 17

Big Question

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  • Dr. Sarah Harris
  • Used to be: How to we get more capability

(i.e., more transistors)?

  • Now: How do we use all of these transistors?
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SLIDE 18

Moore’s Law

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  • Dr. Sarah Harris

The number of transistors doubles every year (now every two years)

Gordon Moore, co-founded Intel in 1968 with Robert Noyce

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SLIDE 19

Research Topics

  • Hardware-accelerating algorithms
  • Examples: DSPs, GPUs
  • Efficiently coding algorithms to take advantage of

underlying hardware

  • Interdisciplinary research
  • Robotics, prosthetics
  • Informatics: managing large amounts of data,

prediction, large computations (e.g., human genome)

  • Machine learning

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  • Dr. Sarah Harris
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SLIDE 20

Research Topics

  • Hardware-accelerating algorithms
  • Examples: DSPs, GPUs
  • Efficiently coding algorithms to take advantage of

underlying hardware

  • Interdisciplinary research
  • Robotics, prosthetics
  • Informatics: managing large amounts of data,

prediction, large computations (e.g., human genome)

  • Machine learning

5/15/2017 20

  • Dr. Sarah Harris
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SLIDE 21

Robotics and Prosthetics

  • Challenge: passive prosthetics are inefficient

and can cause further dysfunction.

5/15/2017 21

  • Dr. Sarah Harris
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SLIDE 22

Robotics and Prosthetics

  • Solution: active prosthetics mimic heel-toe

push off, enabling more natural function and less compensation

5/15/2017 22

  • Dr. Sarah Harris

BionX BiOM SpringActive’s Odyssey

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SLIDE 23

Robotics and Prosthetics

SpringActive’s Odyssey prosthetic ankle

5/15/2017 23

  • Dr. Sarah Harris

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ncVi9El1pnE&feature=youtu.be

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SLIDE 24

Robotics and Prosthetics

  • Control algorithm: works pretty well, but

must be manually adjusted / tuned.

  • Humans use feedback (e.g., speed, force,

terrain, etc.) to adjust.

  • Research objective: instrument prosthetic leg

with sensors to mimic real-time feedback of biological systems. Implement bio-inspired control algorithm.

5/15/2017 24

  • Dr. Sarah Harris
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SLIDE 25

Robotics and Prosthetics

  • Objective: Implement bio-inspired control

algorithm.

  • Instrument prosthesis
  • Modify software to adjust velocity and force

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  • Dr. Sarah Harris
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SLIDE 26

History of Computers

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  • Dr. Sarah Harris

Where do we go from here?

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SLIDE 27

History of Computers

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  • Dr. Sarah Harris

Where do we go from here? …Many possibilities

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SLIDE 28

Questions?

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  • Dr. Sarah Harris

Where do we go from here? …Many possibilities