Language and The Turing Test Language and Example conversation (cont.) Language and Computers Computers Computers Topic 6: Dialogue Topic 6: Dialogue Topic 6: Dialogue Systems Systems Systems ELIZA: WHAT WOULD IT MEAN TO YOU IF YOU GOT SOME HELP Introduction Introduction Introduction USER: Perhaps I could learn to get along with my mother. Early Systems Early Systems Early Systems ELIZA ELIZA ELIZA ELIZA: TELL ME MORE ABOUT YOUR FAMILY How ELIZA works How ELIZA works How ELIZA works The Turing Test , developed by Alan Turing, distinguishes PARRY PARRY PARRY USER: My mother takes care of me. Language and Computers (Ling 384) SHRDLU between a human and a computer in dialogue. SHRDLU SHRDLU ELIZA: WHO ELSE IN YOUR FAMILY TAKES CARE OF YOU How Does Dialogue How Does Dialogue How Does Dialogue Topic 6: Dialogue Systems Work? Work? Work? ◮ If I can tell I am interacting with a computer, it has failed USER: My father. Basic Facts Basic Facts Basic Facts Gricean Maxims the Turing Test Gricean Maxims Gricean Maxims ELIZA: YOUR FATHER Speech Acts Speech Acts Speech Acts Plan Recognition Plan Recognition Plan Recognition ◮ If I am convinced I am interacting with a human, yet it’s USER: You are like my father in some ways. Adriane Boyd ∗ Discourse Structure Discourse Structure Discourse Structure Reference Reference Reference a computer, then the program has passed the Turing ELIZA: WHAT RESEMBLANCE DO YOU SEE Department of Linguistics, OSU Corpora Corpora Corpora Modeling discourse Modeling discourse Modeling discourse USER: You are not very aggressive but I think you don’t Test. Autumn 2005 Dialogue System Dialogue System Dialogue System want me to notice that. Components Components Components TRIPS TRIPS TRIPS ELIZA: WHAT MAKES YOU THINK I AM NOT VERY AGGRESSIVE USER: You don’t argue with me. ∗ The course was created by Markus Dickinson, Detmar Meurers and Chris Brew. ELIZA: WHY DO YOU THINK I DON’T ARGUE WITH YOU 1 / 75 4 / 75 7 / 75 Outline Language and ELIZA Language and Language and Properties of ELIZA Computers Computers Computers Topic 6: Dialogue Topic 6: Dialogue Topic 6: Dialogue Systems Systems Systems Introduction Introduction Introduction Early Systems Early Systems Early Systems ELIZA ELIZA ELIZA Introduction What do you notice about ELIZA? How ELIZA works How ELIZA works How ELIZA works PARRY PARRY PARRY ELIZA was a computer program written by Joseph SHRDLU SHRDLU SHRDLU ◮ Seems to show some understanding of English. Early Systems Weizenbaum in the mid-1960s How Does Dialogue How Does Dialogue How Does Dialogue e.g. “What resemblance do you see?” Work? Work? Work? Basic Facts Basic Facts Basic Facts ◮ Simulation of a (Rogerian) therapist. ◮ Seems to have some understanding of real-world Gricean Maxims Gricean Maxims Gricean Maxims How Does Dialogue Work? Speech Acts Speech Acts Speech Acts problems. ◮ User types questions, and ELIZA responds. Plan Recognition Plan Recognition Plan Recognition Discourse Structure Discourse Structure Discourse Structure e.g. “Tell me more about your family.” Reference Reference Reference http://www.manifestation.com/neurotoys/eliza.php3 Dialogue System Components Corpora Corpora Corpora ◮ Seems to keep track of the conversation Modeling discourse Modeling discourse Modeling discourse e.g. “Does that have anything to do with ...” Dialogue System Dialogue System Dialogue System Components Components Components TRIPS TRIPS TRIPS 2 / 75 5 / 75 8 / 75 Language and Language and Language and What are dialogue systems good for? Example conversation Four types of responses Computers Computers Computers Topic 6: Dialogue Topic 6: Dialogue Topic 6: Dialogue Systems Systems Systems Introduction Introduction Introduction Taken from Weizenbaum’s 1966 paper: Early Systems Early Systems Early Systems USER: Men are all alike. ◮ We can book airline tickets over the phone without ELIZA ELIZA ELIZA How ELIZA works ELIZA: IN WHAT WAY? How ELIZA works How ELIZA works 1. A general question or statement PARRY PARRY PARRY dealing with error-prone humans. SHRDLU USER: They’re always bugging us about something or other. SHRDLU SHRDLU Does that trouble you? , Beware of addictions. ◮ We can interact with our computer while keeping our How Does Dialogue How Does Dialogue How Does Dialogue ELIZA: CAN YOU THINK OF A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE? Work? Work? Work? 2. A transformed version of the previous statement hands free. Basic Facts Basic Facts Basic Facts USER: Well, my boyfriend made me come here. Gricean Maxims Gricean Maxims Gricean Maxims Your father. ◮ We can talk to a system that won’t have the same Speech Acts ELIZA: YOUR BOYFRIEND MADE YOU COME HERE Speech Acts Speech Acts Plan Recognition Plan Recognition Plan Recognition 3. A reponse relevant to the topic of the previous USER: He says I’m depressed much of the time. predujices a human might (... depending on the Discourse Structure Discourse Structure Discourse Structure Reference Reference Reference statement programmer) ELIZA: I AM SORRY TO HEAR YOU ARE DEPRESSED Corpora Corpora Corpora Modeling discourse Modeling discourse Modeling discourse Do you think coming here will help you ...? USER: It’s true. I am unhappy ◮ When robots someday take over the world, we’ll be able Dialogue System Dialogue System Dialogue System Components Components Components ELIZA: DO YOU THINK COMING HERE WILL HELP to understand their demands TRIPS TRIPS TRIPS YOU NOT TO BE UNHAPPY USER: I need some help, that much seems certain. 3 / 75 6 / 75 9 / 75
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