H R Smith Group of Companies H R Smith Group of Companies - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

H R Smith Group

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H R Smith Group

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H R Smith Group of Companies www.searchandrescue.com H R Smith Group of Companies www.searchandrescue.com

H R Smith Group

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H R Smith Group

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H R Smith Group of Companies H R Smith Group of Companies TECHTEST LTD TECHTEST LTD

H R Smith Group

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H R Smith Group

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• Problems with Multiple Beacons

Problems with Multiple Beacons

• Concept of

Concept of ‘ ‘Smart Smart’ ’ Beacons Beacons

• Case Study

Case Study – – Bond Ditching 2009 Bond Ditching 2009

• The Multi

The Multi-

• beacon Dilemma

beacon Dilemma

• Unravelling the Dilemma

Unravelling the Dilemma

• Way Forward.

Way Forward. Presentation Scope Presentation Scope

First, a brief outline of First, a brief outline of Satellite Aided SAR Satellite Aided SAR

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H R Smith Group

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Local User Terminal Local User Terminal Mission Control Centre Mission Control Centre Rescue Co-ord Centre Rescue Co-ord Centre

406 MHz 406 MHz

Beacon Beacon

COSPAS-SARSAT System COSPAS-SARSAT System

Homing 121.5 & 243 MHz Homing 121.5 & 243 MHz

Long Lat Ident

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H R Smith Group

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SARSAT Improves SARSAT Improves rescue prospects by rescue prospects by providing: providing:

• Rapid global alerting

Rapid global alerting

• Doppler locating

Doppler locating

• Unique identification

Unique identification

• Embedded position option.

Embedded position option.

SARSAT Benefits SARSAT Benefits

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Comparing 406 & 121.5 Properties Comparing 406 & 121.5 Properties

• Can be uniquely identified

Can be uniquely identified

• Can include embedded position (125 metres)

Can include embedded position (125 metres)

• Transmitted at 5 Watts power.

Transmitted at 5 Watts power.

• Has no means of identification

Has no means of identification

• Has no means of conveying information

Has no means of conveying information

• Transmitted at 1/10 Watt power.

Transmitted at 1/10 Watt power.

406 MHz Digital Global Signal 406 MHz Digital Global Signal 121.5 MHz Analogue Localized Signal 121.5 MHz Analogue Localized Signal

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H R Smith Group

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SAR missions SAR missions still rely heavily on still rely heavily on analogue 121.5 MHz analogue 121.5 MHz homing and direction homing and direction finding technology. finding technology.

Current SAR Practice Current SAR Practice

Surprisingly Surprisingly… …. .

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H R Smith Group

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Final Homing Run Final Homing Run Over fly Over fly Outbound Down Wind Descent Outbound Down Wind Descent Turn into wind towards beacon Turn into wind towards beacon

Single Beacon Scenario Single Beacon Scenario

Wind Wind Direction Direction

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H R Smith Group

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Single Beacon Scenario Single Beacon Scenario

Proving Turns Proving Turns ensure ensure confidence in confidence in steering advice steering advice

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H R Smith Group

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Dual Beacon Scenario Dual Beacon Scenario

Dual beacons REDUCE proving turn responses

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H R Smith Group

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Constant Bearing Course (Single Beacon) Constant Bearing Course (Single Beacon) Potential Pursuit Courses (Dual Beacons) Potential Pursuit Courses (Dual Beacons)

Dual Beacon Scenario Dual Beacon Scenario Extended Extended Flight Time Flight Time Increased Increased Uncertainty. Uncertainty.

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H R Smith Group

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How many Beacons are influencing my Homer Display

And Where Are They?

. . . . . . .

Multiple Beacon Scenario Multiple Beacon Scenario

?

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H R Smith Group

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Comparisons: 406 & 121.5 MHz Comparisons: 406 & 121.5 MHz

Herein lies the problem with Herein lies the problem with 121.5 when used alone.... 121.5 when used alone.... In fact, multiple beacons create a In fact, multiple beacons create a confusing wall of transmissions that confusing wall of transmissions that cannot be resolved into cannot be resolved into a clear tactical rescue picture. a clear tactical rescue picture.

Many beacons Many beacons definitely do not definitely do not make light work make light work for SAR crews! for SAR crews!

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H R Smith Group

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• Proving turns

Proving turns

• Reducing altitude

Reducing altitude

• Manoeuvring for in

Manoeuvring for in-

• line approach

line approach

• Swept tone audio discrimination

Swept tone audio discrimination

Mitigation Tactics Mitigation Tactics

Standard SAR Operating Procedures can Standard SAR Operating Procedures can Mitigate but not Eradicate Multi Mitigate but not Eradicate Multi-

• beacon

beacon Situations..... Situations.....

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H R Smith Group

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Receiver Receiver

Swept Tone Discrimination Swept Tone Discrimination

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H R Smith Group

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Complex flight scenarios Complex flight scenarios demand a high degree of airmanship demand a high degree of airmanship and potentially extend mission duration and potentially extend mission duration with increased risk of failure with increased risk of failure

Surely technology can do Surely technology can do better than this ! better than this ! Mitigation Tactics Mitigation Tactics

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H R Smith Group

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121.5 MHz 121.5 MHz Improving Improving Homing & Homing & Direction Finding Direction Finding Capability Capability

Tactical SAR Options Tactical SAR Options

406 MHz 406 MHz Embracing Embracing Tactical Decoding & Tactical Decoding & Tracking Tracking Technology Technology

Relatively Long Relatively Long-

• term Goals

term Goals

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H R Smith Group

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Consequently Consequently Techtest decided to Techtest decided to tackle the Multiple tackle the Multiple Beacon problem at Beacon problem at source... source... that is, within the that is, within the beacon itself. beacon itself.

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H R Smith Group

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500 500-

• 12 ELT (Survival)

12 ELT (Survival)

Smart ELT (Survival) Smart ELT (Survival)

• SARSAT & Aviation Certified

SARSAT & Aviation Certified

• GPS option

GPS option

• 406 / 121.5 / 243 MHz

406 / 121.5 / 243 MHz

• Two

Two-

• way Speech

way Speech

• Auto Receive

Auto Receive

• ‘

‘Smart Smart’ ’ Function Function

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H R Smith Group

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• Wasteful power utilization

Wasteful power utilization

• Causes homing problems on 121.5 MHz

Causes homing problems on 121.5 MHz

• Corrupts voice communications on 121.5 MHz

Corrupts voice communications on 121.5 MHz

Smart Beacon Concept Smart Beacon Concept

• Inhibits 121.5 MHz from other local beacons

Inhibits 121.5 MHz from other local beacons

• Effectively extends collective battery life

Effectively extends collective battery life

• Provides single 121.5 MHz homing source

Provides single 121.5 MHz homing source

• 406 MHz signal not affected

406 MHz signal not affected

Smart Beacon: Smart Beacon: Second beacon automatically transmits when Master fails or PTT pressed.

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H R Smith Group

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The Smart Beacon The Smart Beacon ‘ ‘Smart Smart’ ’ also facilitates also facilitates clear speech on 121.5 clear speech on 121.5 MHz by removing the MHz by removing the

• verlay of the audio
• verlay of the audio

swept tone. swept tone.

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H R Smith Group

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First beacon Activated 121.5 MHz Transmit

121.5 MHz Receive Mode

121.5 MHz Receive Mode

Press to Talk 121.5 MHz Transmit

121.5 MHz Receive Mode

406 MHz Transmissions Continue Uninterrupted

Beacon remains 121.5 MHz Master

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H R Smith Group

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Smart Beacon Concept Smart Beacon Concept

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H R Smith Group

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121.5 MHz Receive Mode

121.5 MHz Receive Mode

Beacon remains 121.5 MHz Master

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H R Smith Group

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Smart Beacon Concept Smart Beacon Concept

Until they drift apart by > ½ mile

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H R Smith Group

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Smart Benefits Smart Benefits

• Auto reception of 121.5 voice transmission

Auto reception of 121.5 voice transmission

• Clear, undistorted speech communication

Clear, undistorted speech communication

• Close proximity multi

Close proximity multi-

• beacon suppression

beacon suppression

• Unambiguous homing transmissions

Unambiguous homing transmissions

• Extended battery life of multi

Extended battery life of multi-

• beacon group.

beacon group.

In summary the In summary the ‘ ‘Smart Smart’ ’ beacon provides: beacon provides:

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H R Smith Group

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Smart Benefits Smart Benefits

And And ‘ ‘Smart Smart’ ’ does does NOT NOT interfere with interfere with 406 MHz 406 MHz SARSAT SARSAT transmissions. transmissions.

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H R Smith Group

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Smart Beacon Concept Smart Beacon Concept

But problems can But problems can

• ccur when Smart and
• ccur when Smart and

non non-

• Smart beacons

Smart beacons are used in are used in combination, combination, especially if the latter especially if the latter are not of an approved are not of an approved aviation standard. aviation standard.

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H R Smith Group

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Smart Beacon Concept Smart Beacon Concept

A Case Study A Case Study

Eastern Trough Area Project Eastern Trough Area Project

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H R Smith Group

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The problem came into sharp The problem came into sharp focus with BP focus with BP’ ’s introduction s introduction

• f WWPLBs (Wristwatch
• f WWPLBs (Wristwatch

Personal Locator Beacons) for Personal Locator Beacons) for helicopter passengers as part helicopter passengers as part

• f ETAP Project Jigsaw.
• f ETAP Project Jigsaw.

Eastern Trough Area Project Eastern Trough Area Project

WWPLB

The WWPLBs featured very The WWPLBs featured very low low-

• power homing transmitters

power homing transmitters compared with those of the compared with those of the aircraft aircraft’ ’s (100 mW) Survival s (100 mW) Survival ELTs. ELTs.

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H R Smith Group

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18 February 2009 18 February 2009

At 18:35 hours on 18 February At 18:35 hours on 18 February 2009, a Eurocopter EC225 2009, a Eurocopter EC225 ditched in the North Sea ditched in the North Sea approximately 500 metres approximately 500 metres south of its destination, the south of its destination, the Marnock oil production rig Marnock oil production rig. .

Aberdeen Aberdeen Aberdeen

There were 16 passengers There were 16 passengers

• n
• n-
• board all equipped with

board all equipped with auto auto-

• activated WWPLBs.

activated WWPLBs.

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H R Smith Group

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18 February 2009 18 February 2009

Aircraft Crash Position Aircraft Crash Position Indicator Indicator (Techtest Series 503) (Techtest Series 503) did not auto did not auto-

• deploy because

deploy because the ditching did not exceed the ditching did not exceed the acceleration sensors the acceleration sensors’ ’ activation threshold. activation threshold. Nor was the CPI manually Nor was the CPI manually activated by flight crew. activated by flight crew. Hence, there were no Hence, there were no post post-

• accident CPI

accident CPI transmissions. transmissions.

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H R Smith Group

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18 February 2009 18 February 2009

The Three Survival ELTs The Three Survival ELTs (Techtest Series 500 (Techtest Series 500-

• 12)

12) were activated by the crew were activated by the crew and their 406 MHz and their 406 MHz transmissions were transmissions were detected, identified and detected, identified and Doppler located by satellite Doppler located by satellite to within 460 metres. to within 460 metres.

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H R Smith Group

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18 February 2009 18 February 2009

• However, the close proximity of passenger

However, the close proximity of passenger WWPLBs to the activated flight ELTs inhibited WWPLBs to the activated flight ELTs inhibited homing transmissions from the latter. homing transmissions from the latter.

• Search & Rescue crews were therefore faced

Search & Rescue crews were therefore faced with a 121.5 MHz multiple WWPLB scenario in with a 121.5 MHz multiple WWPLB scenario in which the distress transmissions were virtually which the distress transmissions were virtually invisible to the SAR aircraft. invisible to the SAR aircraft.

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H R Smith Group

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121.5 MHz Receive Only But 406 MHz Transmissions Continued Uninterrupted

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18 February 2009 18 February 2009

?

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H R Smith Group

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WWPLB Range (mtrs) WWPLB Range (mtrs)

• 40

40

• 50

50

• 60

60

• 70

70

• 80

80

• 90

90

• 100

100 3 6 3 6 12 12 24 24 48 48

x x x x x x x x x x Rx Signal Rx Signal (dBm) (dBm) PLB Rx PLB Rx

Threshold Threshold

Above Auto Above Auto-

• receive

receive Threshold Threshold Below Auto Below Auto-

• receive

receive Threshold Threshold

WWPLB Tests WWPLB Tests

Tests showed that Flight ELTs were suppressed Tests showed that Flight ELTs were suppressed by WWPLBs at a range of up to 48 Metres: by WWPLBs at a range of up to 48 Metres:

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• WWPLBs operated in close proximity to the

WWPLBs operated in close proximity to the EC225 EC225’ ’s approved flight beacons suppressed s approved flight beacons suppressed their homing transmissions within a range of their homing transmissions within a range of 48 metres 48 metres

• This mix of beacons effectively gave

This mix of beacons effectively gave precedence to the non precedence to the non-

• smart units, even

smart units, even though they were low though they were low-

• power WW PLBs

power WW PLBs

• Homing transmissions from the scene of the

Homing transmissions from the scene of the ditching came only from WWPLBs which ditching came only from WWPLBs which where virtually invisible to the SAR aircraft. where virtually invisible to the SAR aircraft.

Analysis

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In other words, In other words, we had resolved a we had resolved a multiple beacon scenario multiple beacon scenario by virtually eliminating all by virtually eliminating all homing transmissions homing transmissions from the scene. from the scene.

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Other Consider ations

• Had the EC225

Had the EC225’ ’s Crash Position Indicator s Crash Position Indicator deployed automatically (or manually) the CPI deployed automatically (or manually) the CPI would have transmitted on 121.5 MHz to would have transmitted on 121.5 MHz to provide a clear long provide a clear long-

• range homing signal

range homing signal unaffected by the Wristwatch PLBs. unaffected by the Wristwatch PLBs.

• COSPAS

COSPAS-

• SARSAT detected, identified and

SARSAT detected, identified and located the flight beacons to within located the flight beacons to within approximately 460 metres of the ditching site. approximately 460 metres of the ditching site.

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H R Smith Group

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Recommended................ Recommended................

AAIB Recommendations AAIB Recommendations

That the CAA review carriage and use in That the CAA review carriage and use in commercial air transport helicopters of radio commercial air transport helicopters of radio location devices not forming part of the location devices not forming part of the aircraft aircraft’ ’s certified equipment (2009 s certified equipment (2009-

• 064).

064). WWPLBs removed from service soon after WWPLBs removed from service soon after

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Subsequently however the CAA & Subsequently however the CAA & EASA accepted that: EASA accepted that:

• Approved Passenger PLBs could be

Approved Passenger PLBs could be permitted on ETAP transit flights permitted on ETAP transit flights

• ‘

‘Smart Smart’ ’ technology would be removed technology would be removed

• Future of Smart technology would be

Future of Smart technology would be subject to an EASA Safety Case. subject to an EASA Safety Case. However, Smart beacons continue to find However, Smart beacons continue to find acceptance in military and other organizations acceptance in military and other organizations that are not subject to EASA regulation. that are not subject to EASA regulation.

CAA / EASA View CAA / EASA View

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H R Smith Group

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Oil & Gas UK Announcement Oil & Gas UK Announcement

Dec ember 2009

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H R Smith Group

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Replacement ETAP PLBs Replacement ETAP PLBs

• 121.5 MHz only

121.5 MHz only

• Life preserver mounted

Life preserver mounted

• Water activated

Water activated

• Typically 30 mile range

Typically 30 mile range

• 100 mW Power Output.

100 mW Power Output.

Characteristics: Characteristics:

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H R Smith Group

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Pre-February 2009 Pre-February 2009

One CPI One CPI One CPI One Smart Flight ELT One Smart Flight One Smart Flight ELT ELT

A Manageable Scenario A Manageable Scenario

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Current Situation Current Situation

One CPI One CPI 4 Non 4 Non-

• smart

smart Flight ELTs Flight ELTs Up to Up to 18 PLBs 18 PLBs

A Difficult Scenario A Difficult Scenario But on 406 But on 406… …. . Especially at Night Especially at Night

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H R Smith Group

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Any ETAP rescue scenario has now Any ETAP rescue scenario has now become potentially more complex by become potentially more complex by allowing 100mW / 121.5 MHz passenger allowing 100mW / 121.5 MHz passenger PLBs to operate alongside non PLBs to operate alongside non-

• Smart flight

Smart flight ELTs in the aftermath of an accident. ELTs in the aftermath of an accident. Only concession to the multiple beacon Only concession to the multiple beacon problem is an instruction to passengers to problem is an instruction to passengers to switch off their personal beacons when in switch off their personal beacons when in the life the life-

• raft.

raft. The Multiple Beacon Dilemma The Multiple Beacon Dilemma

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H R Smith Group

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A Personal View.... A Personal View.... Current policy exacerbates the Current policy exacerbates the multiple beacon problem rather multiple beacon problem rather than resolving it! than resolving it!

The Multiple Beacon Dilemma The Multiple Beacon Dilemma

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• Use of Smart beacon technology be approved to:

Use of Smart beacon technology be approved to:

• Mitigate known problems with multiple beacons

Mitigate known problems with multiple beacons

• Improve effectiveness of speech communications.

Improve effectiveness of speech communications.

• Simultaneous carriage of smart and non

Simultaneous carriage of smart and non-

• smart

smart Survival ELTs be prohibited. Survival ELTs be prohibited.

• Greater consideration be given to the benefits of

Greater consideration be given to the benefits of airborne 406 MHz tracking systems in equipping airborne 406 MHz tracking systems in equipping aircraft for SAR operations aircraft for SAR operations And, stressed the benefits of location protocol beacons And, stressed the benefits of location protocol beacons for Survival ELT applications. for Survival ELT applications.

R ec ommendations to E ASA

Techtest Safety Case Recommended...... Techtest Safety Case Recommended......

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H R Smith Group

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Further Measures Further Measures

406 MHz 406 MHz Exploit Airborne Exploit Airborne 406 tracking 406 tracking and decoding and decoding technology technology 121.5 MHz 121.5 MHz Develop Develop High Definition High Definition Direction Finding Direction Finding Systems Systems These technologies are now the cornerstone of These technologies are now the cornerstone of

• ur SAR capability development programme.
• ur SAR capability development programme.

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H R Smith Group

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P O P O S S I I T T I I O O N N

Airborne 406 Homer-Decoder Airborne 406 Homer-Decoder

Homing & decoding on 406 MHz Homing & decoding on 406 MHz Homing on121.5 and 243 MHz. Homing on121.5 and 243 MHz.

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H R Smith Group

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• Integral 406 MHz antenna

Integral 406 MHz antenna

• Decodes 406 message

Decodes 406 message

• Displays lat & Long

Displays lat & Long

• Tracks 10 beacons

Tracks 10 beacons

• No external interfaces

No external interfaces

• Battery powered

Battery powered

• Six hrs operating time.

Six hrs operating time.

Portable Airborne Decoder Portable Airborne Decoder

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H R Smith Group

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Towards High Resolution DF Towards High Resolution DF

• 121.5 / 406 MHz

121.5 / 406 MHz

• Multiple beacons:

Multiple beacons:

• DF up to 4

DF up to 4

• Decode up to 10

Decode up to 10

• Antenna 350mm dia

Antenna 350mm dia

• Display 320x240 Pixels

Display 320x240 Pixels

• NVIS Option.

NVIS Option.

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H R Smith Group

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Aircraft Services Circular (350mm) Antenna Array with Integral Receivers

DF-Decoder Controller/Display Remote Processor & Decoder

Airborne DF-Decoder Airborne DF-Decoder

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Towards High Resolution DF Towards High Resolution DF

Range 5.25km Range 5.25km Azimuth Azimuth-

• 18

18° ° Range 5.1km Range 5.1km Azimuth +10 Azimuth +10° ° Range 5km Azimuth -1° Range 5km Range 5km Azimuth Azimuth -

• 1

1° ° SAR Aircraft SAR Aircraft heading = 0 heading = 0° ° 1.5 km 1.5 km 1.0 km 1.0 km

Multiple Beacon Simulation Multiple Beacon Simulation

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Tracking simulation using ‘Covariance Matrix’ methodology to determine azimuth, elevation and signal strength

Range 5.25km Azimuth-18° Range 5.25km Range 5.25km Azimuth Azimuth-

• 18

18° ° Range 5.1km Azimuth +10° Range 5.1km Range 5.1km Azimuth +10 Azimuth +10° ° Range 5km Azimuth -1° Range 5km Range 5km Azimuth Azimuth -

• 1

1° °

Towards High Resolution DF Towards High Resolution DF

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H R Smith Group

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• Uncluttered Functional LCD display

Uncluttered Functional LCD display

• Polar display for DF angles / signal level

Polar display for DF angles / signal level

• Map display for GPS position / range estimate

Map display for GPS position / range estimate

• 406 data decode

406 data decode

• 406 Identification

406 Identification

• 406 Position.

406 Position.

DF Display & Controller DF Display & Controller

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H R Smith Group

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• Multiple PLBs carried on ETAP transit flights threaten

Multiple PLBs carried on ETAP transit flights threaten to outstrip the SAR force to outstrip the SAR force’ ’s ability to track and s ability to track and discriminate between them discriminate between them

• Smart technology offers a practical means of

Smart technology offers a practical means of simplifying a multiple beacon rescue scenario simplifying a multiple beacon rescue scenario

• Smart PLBs facilitate clear two

Smart PLBs facilitate clear two-

• way speech

way speech

• Significant tactical benefits would come from fully

Significant tactical benefits would come from fully exploiting the 406 digital waveform exploiting the 406 digital waveform

• High resolution 121.5 MHz DF offers potential

High resolution 121.5 MHz DF offers potential improvements but is not a panacea in itself. improvements but is not a panacea in itself.

Conc lusion

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H R Smith Group

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Enhanced Direction Finding? 406 MHz Decoding? Smart Beacons?

Conc lusion

Multiple Options requiring co-ordinated approach Multiple Options requiring co-ordinated approach

Satellite Aided Tracking?

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H R Smith Group

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No single universal solution. No single universal solution. The maintenance of aviation safety & survival depends on the balanced application of existing and emerging technologies to exploit their benefits while minimizing risks resulting from their co-deployment. The maintenance of aviation safety & survival depends on the balanced application of existing and emerging technologies to exploit their benefits while minimizing risks resulting from their co-deployment.

Conc lusion

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H R Smith Group

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Techtest Ltd The Multi-beacon Dilemma Techtest Ltd The Multi-beacon Dilemma H R Smith Group of Companies H R Smith Group of Companies