Grou Gr oup p Ree eed Bed ed Sy System ems for Bio iosolid - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Grou Gr oup p Ree eed Bed ed Sy System ems for Bio iosolid - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Constructed nstructed We Wetla tland nd Grou Gr oup p Ree eed Bed ed Sy System ems for Bio iosolid solids s Trea eatm tment ent An Innovative and Cost Effective Approach to Wastewater and Sludge Treatment Constructed Wetlands


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An Innovative and Cost Effective Approach to Wastewater and Sludge Treatment

Constructed nstructed We Wetla tland nd Gr Grou

  • up

p

Ree eed Bed ed Sy System ems for Bio iosolid solids s Trea eatm tment ent

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Aiken, MN Aliquippa, PA Amity Township, PA Ancora State Hospital, Ancora, NJ Appomattox, VA Belgium, WI Bethel, ME Beverly, NJ Birdsboro, PA Blairsville, PA Bowmanstown, PA Brillion, WI Burgettstown, PA Caribou, ME Central Carbon, PA Culver, IN Deer Lake, PA Delano, MN Denton, MD Elizabethville, PA Falls City, NE Fleetwood, PA Friendship, NY Greencastle, IN Green Lane, PA Harrison Township, PA Hawley Area Authority, PA Indian Head, MD Kasson, MN

Constructed Wetlands Group, Inc.

Reed Beds in Operation

Maiden Creek, PA Marion, WI Marlboro Developmental Ctr., Marlboro, NJ Morysville, PA Myerstown, PA Mercersburg, PA New Jersey School Of Conservation, Branchville, NJ New Paris, IN Northern Lancaster County Authority, Denver, PA North Warren, PA Oley, PA Oneida Tribe of Wisconsin Orbissonia Rockhill , PA Orwigsburg, PA Penn Yan, NY Pine River, MN Red Cliff Band of Chippewa, WI Robeson, PA Robesonia Wernersville, PA Royersford, PA Saint Michael, MN Salem, MO Schuylkill County MUA, Gordon, PA Shade Gap, PA Sherwood, WI Shickshinny, PA Sinking Spring, PA

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On-Site Water and Wastewater Treatment

An effective, cost-saving approach to dewatering sludge

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History of Reed Beds

  • Original research and

seminal work conducted by the Max-Plank Institute, Ustersbach, Germany.

  • Research began in the

late 1950’s - early 1960’s.

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  • Dr. Kaethe Seidel
  • A pioneer in the study of

the sewage treatment plant

  • Dr. Seidel’s

experiments showed the ability to metabolize and uptake various organic as well as inorganic substances

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Metabolizing Plants

  • Macrophytes grown

hydroponically, and plants such as

  • Phragmites (common reed),
  • Scirpus (soft stemmed bulrush),
  • Juncus (bulrush), and
  • Typha (cattail)
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Design Considerations for Reed Bed Biosolid Treatment

  • Volume of sludge
  • Sludge characteristics
  • including use of polymers
  • flocculent such as alum
  • Climatic conditions
  • Volatile solids concentration
  • f waste activated sludge
  • Stabilization process

(aerobic vs. anaerobic)

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Design Considerations continued

  • Most aerobic biosolids systems have further

stabilization of WAS

  • Efficacy of system dramatically diminished when

volatile solids are consistently above 70 percent

  • Provide biosolids retention

to comply with seasonal application cycles

  • winter application

intervals may be 3-4 weeks

  • Land availability
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Sludge Quality

  • Metal concentration
  • Oil and grease content
  • pH
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Biodynamics and Mechanisms

  • f the Reed Bed Process
  • Based on previously discussed

design considerations

  • application rates will vary from

20 to 50 gal./sq. ft./yr.

  • Application rates and intervals will

depend on (est. 12-22 applications a year)

  • severity of winter as it relates to

freeze and thaw conditions

  • amount of precipitation
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Root System Phragmites (common reed)

  • Extensive root structure

creates an environment for diverse and active micro flora

  • microorganisms continually

help to degrade the volatile solids

  • reduction in volatile

solids documented as low as 20 percent

  • Root structure enhances

hydraulic conductivity and drainage of supernatant and water from the biosolids

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Root System Phragmites continued

  • Voracious demand for water

by the plants results in uptake and release of water by the leaf structure (evapotransporation)

  • Mature monoculture of reeds

can effectively assimilate up to the equivalent of 40 inches

  • f annual precipitation
  • Mature plants can

transfer oxygen to its root system even against the pressure

  • f six feet of water
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SLIDE 13

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Physical Characteristics of Phragmites

  • Rhizome and emergent stalk

has a system of nodes

  • When nodes are engulfed

by biosolids, they form adventitious secondary root system

  • Secondary root system

provides enhanced attachment sites for microorganisms and aids in dewatering

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Propagation of Phragmites

  • Phragmites are one of the

world’s most opportunistic plant species

  • Found in over 40 states
  • Can survive in up to six feet
  • f standing water for long

periods of time

  • Can also be found in desert

climates

  • Phragmites is native in many
  • f the states in which it is

found

  • Phragmites has been

documented historically in almost all mid-western states

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Propagation Issues

  • Phragmites is viewed as an

invasive species

  • It has been shown that

Phragmites propagates almost exclusively by vegetative means

  • Scientists have proven in the

laboratory that 30 - 70% of the seeds produced are viable

  • However, conditions necessary

for germination of the seed make it extremely difficult to propagate via seed.

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Safeguards to Prevent Inadvertent Spread of Phragmites

  • Special care of harvested plant material
  • Use of rigid structural barriers

(concrete and treated timber)

  • Ultimate disposal of the biosolids together with the

plant material should be carefully monitored

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Advantages of the Reed Bed System

  • Although there are significant capital costs in new

construction, there are minimal operation and maintenance costs

  • Existing drying beds can be inexpensively

converted to accommodate reed beds

  • Requires no removal of biosolids

for six to ten years

  • Final bi-product may meet

Class A limitations for final disposal

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More Advantages

  • Significant volume and volatile solids reduction
  • Long term dewatering and biosolids degradation
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Construction of the Reed Beds

  • Typically Reed Beds

are constructed with concrete side walls

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Construction of Reed Beds (continued)

  • PVC liner is used to

make the beds impermeable

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Construction of Reed Beds (continued)

  • Perforated underdrain

system usually connected to the head of the plant

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Construction of Reed Beds (continued)

  • Less than two feet of

gravel and sand required

  • 3.5 - 4 feet wall of

freeboard or cement

  • Biosolids distribution system
  • Eight foot tongue and

groove pretreated side panels

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The Process

Wastewater Treatment Plant

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The Process

Clearing the Site

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The Process

Clearing and Preparing the Site

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The Process

Clearing and Preparing the Site

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The Process

Preparing the Site

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The Process

Adding Watering System and Walls

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The Process

Adding Walls

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The Process

Adding Walls

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The Process

Adding Walls

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The Process

Adding Entrance/Exit

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The Process

At Entrance/Exit

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The Process

Construction

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The Process

Watering System

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The Process

Inspecting and Preparing for PVC Liner

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The Process

Laying Out PVC Liner

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The Process

Installing PVC Liner

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The Process

Installing PVC Liner

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The Process

Installing PVC Liner

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The Process

Adding Gavel Layer over PVC Liner

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The Process

Adding Sand Layer over Gravel Layer

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The Process

Planting of Rhizomes in Sand

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The Process

Watering Rhizomes

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The Process

Watering Rhizomes

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The Process

Flooding Bed

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The Process

Flooding Bed

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The Process

Early Phragmites/Reed Growth

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The Process

Grown Mature Phragmites

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The Process

Grown Mature Phragmites

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The Process

Grown Mature Phragmites

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The Process

Grown Mature Phragmites

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The Process

Harvesting Phragmites/Reeds

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The Process

Harvested Reed Piles – Ready for Mulching or Baling

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The Process

Harvested Reed Piles – Mulched

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The Process

Harvested Reed Piles – Mulched

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The Process

Seasonal Burning of Unneeded Phragmites/Reeds

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The Process

Dormant Winter Tubular Reeds Allow Air Flow

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The Process

Solids Prior to Screening of Rhizomes – with Topsoil Consistency

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The Process

Removal of Solids Built-up over 8 to 10 years

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The Process

Removal of Solids After 8 to 10 years

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The Process

Applying to Agricultural Land – Consistency of Nutrient-Rich Topsoil

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The Process

Reworking the Bed Bottom

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The Process

Flooding for New Season

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The Process

New Season Growth

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The Process

Grown Mature Phragmites

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Preparing for Planting

  • Spacing of rhizomes

12 inches apart

  • Watering new roots
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Preparing for Planting

  • Watering covered rhizomes
  • Flooding of bed
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Planting of Phragmites

  • Planting season from mid

April to November

  • Vegetative root stock is

planted on one foot centers

  • Watering is required for a

period of 4-8 weeks after planting depending on the season

  • Application of biosolids

within 4-6 weeks after planting

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Operational Concerns & Common Problems

  • Over loading or application
  • f poorly digested biosolids
  • may cause plant stress or

plant mortality

  • formation of anaerobic slime

layers and potential for

  • dor problems
  • diminished drainage resulting

in significant downtime

  • Immature reeds can be

susceptible to nitrogen burn, heat stress, ammonia toxicity and damage by aphids

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Solution to Common Problems

  • Early recognition and prompt re-mediation
  • increased levels of DO in biosolids stabilization process
  • longer retention time
  • conservative application rates
  • avoidance of loading on hot sunny days (causes burn)
  • taking beds out of service for extended periods of time
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SLIDE 72

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Control of Biological Pests (Aphids)

  • During the first year of plant growth,

aphids can cause serious damage

  • Aphids can be managed with

chemical and biological controls

  • During the first year it is often

necessary to use systemic insecticides such as Cygon

  • With established plants aphids can be

controlled by the release of ladybugs

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Harvesting of Reed Beds

  • Harvesting is normally done in the winter when the

biosolid layer is frozen

  • provides firm footing
  • plants are dormant
  • Harvesting can be completed by several methods
  • use of sickle bar mower
  • weed trimmer with metal blade
  • burning
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Why Do We Harvest the Reeds?

  • Significant biomass (10-13 foot high plants) will

dramatically add to the sludge blanket if not removed

  • Although metal uptake by plants is not significant,

removal of the reeds helps to lower metal levels in the accumulated biosolids layer over time

  • reeds have the greatest

affinity for copper and zinc

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Harvesting continued

  • Nine to twelve inches of plant stalk

should be left after harvesting

  • Remaining stalk is dead

plant material, which will not renew itself

  • important conduit for air to

the rhizome which promotes new growth the following season

  • creates hydraulic

conductivity promoting drainage during the winter

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Disposal of Harvested Material

  • Disposal methods for

reed stalks

  • composting on-site
  • chipping/mulching
  • burning
  • disposal to landfill
  • baling
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SLIDE 77

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Evacuation of Reed Beds

  • Eventually biosolids will

accumulate to 3 – 3.5 depths

  • Beds are taken out of

service for six months, beginning in the fall

  • Allowing time for the

biosolids to dry and degrade

  • Following six month down

time, water content becomes as low as 50%

  • Beds can be walked

upon, biosolids are friable

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Evacuation continued

  • Volatile solids are as low as 20 - 25%
  • Metal values in the accumulated biosolids have

consistently been lower or equivalent to the liquid that has been applied

  • Pathogen and Helminth ova alues at a number of

facilities are well within Class A limits

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SLIDE 79

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Removal of the Biosolids

  • Removal can be accomplished by excavation

equipment set up outside the bed

  • Use of floatation type vehicles within the bed
  • Care should be taken to drag biosolids, avoiding

disturbance of underlying sand and gravel layer

  • Facilities often leave 3 or 4 inches of residual

biosolids

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Reeds after Evacuation

  • Reeds will regenerate as a

result of the undisturbed underlying root structure

  • Beds need to be watered

following biosolids removal

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SLIDE 81

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Disposal of Biosolids

  • Land fill
  • Beneficial Use
  • cover for solid waste land fill
  • used to stabilize mine land reclamation sites
  • Agricultural application
  • provided that biosolids have been screened for

vegetative matter

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Costs

  • Construction costs of reed beds will vary from

$20.00 per square foot to $40.00 per square foot

  • Constructed Wetland Group, Inc.

costs for reed beds will vary from $1.00 per square foot to $5.00 per square foot

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Constructed Wetlands Group, Inc. Scope of Services

  • Technical support to engineer

during feasibility and cost studies

  • Provides design criteria and

assistance during design phase

  • Site inspection during

construction

  • Provide botanical material,

planting supervision, and guarantee

  • Create site specific written
  • peration and maintenance

guidelines

  • Regular on site support during

the first two years of start-up