Good Practice Climate Change Preparing the Historic Environment to - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Good Practice

Culture and Heritage Added Value to Regional Policies for Tourism Sustainability

Climate Change

Preparing the Historic Environment to Meet the Challenges of Climate Change

This presentation forms a part of the CHARTS project Web based toolkit on Good Practice title and accompanied by Guide, Brochure and DVD video clip. It is developed with co-funding support from European Regional Development Fund and made possible by the INTERREG IVC programme 2007-2013.

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Climate Change the Context: The UNWTO Davos Declaration

• Climate is a key resource for tourism & the sector

is sensitive to the impacts of climate change

• Tourism is estimated to contribute 5% of global

CO2 emissions

• Need to encourage sustainable tourism which

reflects a quadruple bottom line of environmental, social, economic & climate responsiveness 1

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Climate Change the Context: The UNWTO Davos Declaration

• Tourism sector must rapidly respond to climate

change through action to:

• Mitigate its GHG emissions.
• Adapt tourism businesses and

destinations to changing climate conditions.

• Apply existing & new technology

to improve energy efficiency.

• Secure financial resources to help

poor regions. 2

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The Welsh Context

• UKCP09 projecting warmer drier summers and

warmer wetter winters

• For the 2020s temperature rises are likely to be

less than 2 degrees C increasing to 3.4 to 6.8 degrees C by 2050s

• Medium term predicting increase in optimum

tourism activity days, coupled with increased cost

• f air travel will grow appeal of Wales
• Negative impacts from increased winter rainfall,

flooding & transport infrastructure problems 3

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Climate Change – The Evidence

4

• Weather patterns uncertain
• Summer 2012 - wettest UK

summer since 1912

• Difficulty for tourism businesses
• Extreme weather conditions

– effecting buildings

• Energy efficient buildings part
• f the solution

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The Welsh Context

• Tourism makes a significant contribution to

GHG emissions principally through the use

• f transport
• Destinations & tourism industry needs to

undertake mitigation & adaptation measures

• Need for better advice & information for

tourism stakeholders

• Effective destination management has a

key role to play 5

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Impact of Climate Change on the Historic Environment in Wales

The following organisations were commissioned by the Historic Environment Group, which is led by Cadw, to undertake the study:

• Countryside and Community Research Institute
• Dyfed Archaeological Trust
• Centre for Environmental Change and Quaternary

Research 6

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Direct Outcomes of Change

• Rise in sea levels
• Frequent high winds/storms
• More flooding events
• Drying out, desiccation and erosion of wetlands
• Drying and shrinking of clay soils
• Longer growing season
• Stress on some trees and plants
• Migration of pests and diseases into Britain

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Impact of Climate Change on the Historic Environment in Wales: 12 Classes of Historic Asset

• Historic landscapes
• Historic parks and gardens
• All historic buildings
• Peat, peaty soils and blanket bog
• Archaeological sites in an upland

environment excluding peat bogs

• Historic assets below the 1.0m

contour 8

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Impact of Climate Change on the Historic Environment in Wales: 12 Classes of Historic Asset

• Historic assets on floodplains and

valley bottoms

• Historic assets on the foreshore
• Historic assets on the coast edge,

excluding those below the 1.0m contour

• Historic assets in sand dunes
• Archaeological sites on farmland
• Forestry and woodland

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Severity and Extent

Climate change impacts and extent 1 5

• 3

+3

Limited (Many but few affected) Extensive (Many and all affected)

Severity of climate change impacts on assets

Number of assets in a class likely to be affected by particular change

Large (Severe damage/destruction Large (Beneficial/improving) Moderate Small Neutral Moderate Small

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Impact on Historic Assets

Sensitivity of historic assets to change 5

Not sensitive (Possible to conserve/repair) Highly sensitive (Once lost/irreplaceable)

1 3 4 2

Slightly sensitive Moderately sensitive

Overall Significance Of impact Extent x Severity X Sensitivity

High negative Moderate Small Neutral Small Moderate High positive

• 75

+75

= = 11

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Summary Risk Assessment

• All predicted climate changes have potential to have

some effect

• More frequent extreme weather: impact on all categories

(< submerged)

• Sea level rise: widespread impact on historic landscapes,

archaeological remains <1.0m, valley bottoms, flood plains, foreshore

• Asset most potential to be impacted is historic landscapes
• Drying and shrinking clays: lowest potential impact a

affecting those historic buildings clay soils

• Wide range changes impact upon historic parks and

gardens & historic buildings 12

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Summary Risk Assessment

High Risk

• Floodplains, valleys (flooding)
• Assets (set level)
• Peats (drying)

Moderate Risk Large number cumulatively = high significance 13

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Overall Risk Matrix

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Implementation Framework

• Already activity e.g. Cadw’s grant aid

programme to 4 Welsh Archaeological Trust

• Recording and surveying sites at risk

(conservation not possible)

• Rescue threatened archaeology

– salvage excavations

• Arfordir: community based initiative to identify

and record archaeological sites around the Welsh coast 15

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Implementation Framework

• Recognition that can’t “save” everything
• Direct, indirect, mitigation, adaptation
• A strategic approach to inform difficult

future decisions

• Evidence and information transferable
• Dissemination of information to variety

audiences e.g. heritage tourism 16

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Mitigation & Adaption Measures Historic Buildings

What is the most energy efficient building? 1 Pre 1900 – most energy efficient –per sq. meter 2 1990’s and 2000’s – second most energy efficient

• 8% less efficient than pre 1900

3 1970’s to 80’s – 20% less efficient than pre 1900 4 1900 to 1930 - 25% less efficient than pre 1900 5 1960’s - 35% less efficient than pre 1900 6 1940’s and 50’s - 45% less efficient - worst. 17

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Understanding Performance

What is the most energy efficient building? Cardiff’s new central library ‘BREEAM excellent’ Cardiff’s Canton library Pre 1900 18

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The Problem

These buildings are different, they perform differently. But this is not understood by the majority… Modern Traditional 19

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The Problem

Difference between modern & traditional is not understood. Wrong knowledge & expertise – based on new construction. Treated the same – When it should be different Treated differently – When it should be the same 20

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3 David Street, Cwmdare, South Wales

• Tests & analysis
• Understanding performance
• Inputting into the pool of expertise

being developed

• Cadw influencing Welsh Government
• Housing (ARBED) & Regeneration
• Guidance – Cadw & mainstream

partners

• Training – crafts & professions

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National Trust Approach to Preparing for Climate Change

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Energy Costs 2011-20

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Mold grows where relative humidity is too high. This framed print with watercolour additions was once displayed in uncontrolled

• conditions. It has been gently

cleaned but invisible mold remains may turn into small brown spots or ‘foxing’. 24

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Adaptive Response – Energy

Energy Shift 2008 - 2020

Fossil elec 27% Fossil elec 46% Oil 10% Oil 28% Gas 8% Gas 17% LP G 5% LP G 8% Renewables 50% Renewables 50%

2008

Energy consumption = 86,193 MWh total (of which c.99% = fossil fuel)

2020 Goal

(After 20% efficiency reductions) Energy consumption = 68,954 MWh total (of which 50% = fossil fuel)

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Efficiency First

• Site by site audit
• Training (on going bespoke for every property)

plus technical for consultancy

• Heating optimisation
• Carbon Trust survey
• Metering and sub metering – rationalisation,

quality checking

• Reporting performance – compliance reporting
• Communication – weekly and monthly per site
• Technology...

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Adaptive Response –Erosion

The results

The assessment indicates that over the next century:

169

sites along some 608 kilometers (60%) of National Trust-owned coastline could lose sand by erosion.

10%

• f this loss could be between 100-200 meters inland.

5%

more could be losses of over 200 meters inland.

126%

sites with land covering 4040 hectares are currently at risk from tidal flooding.

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further low-lying sites are at risk of combined tidal and river flooding within the next 100 years.

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Adaptive Response – Erosion

Implications of the risk assessment

The scale and pace of the change shown by the risk assessment has strengthened the Trust’s awareness

• f both the immediate and long-term effects
• n its sites. We now need to take into

account these forecasts of change in everything we do, from acquiring coastal land to the daily management of coastal sites. Breakdown of the Coastal Risk Assessment results: Trust owned coast at risk from erosion and flooding over the next 100 years. Region/ Country South West South East East of England London North West Yorkshire North East Wales Total Kilometers of Trust Coast affected by erosion 279 44 45

• 9

12 52 167 608 Hectares of Trust land at risk of flooding 952 467 1837 1 70 1 26 786 4040

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Adaptive Response –Erosion

The Trust’s options and policy The next task is to understand the detailed changes at each

• f our affected sites and plan ahead with local communities

and other partners. Broadly, our options are to try to prevent change by ‘holding the line’ or to adapt to change, either immediately or through ‘buying time’ with interim measures. The trust realises that sometimes this choice will be hard because there may be adverse consequences whatever the

• decision. Our policy is to take a long-term view, working with

natural coastal change wherever possible. Therefore, we favour adaptation, because this will give the time and space to adjust with the coast. 30

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Key National Trust Sites

For Erosion 1 Golden Cap 2 West Wight, Isle of Wight 3 Formby Sands 4 East Head 5 Orford Ness For Flooding 6 Llanrhidian Marsh 7 Porlock 8 Blakeney 9 Northey Island 10 Westbury Count Garden

1 2 6 7 10 4 9 5 8 3

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Offaly 3D Laser Scanning of Exterior Carvings

Over 4000 sites are recorded for county Offaly

• n www.archaeology.ie

Vulnerable carved stone identified 32

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Climate Change and The Challenges for Cultural Destinations

• Direct impacts – weather events,

seasonal change, environmental & biodiversity change, resilience of assets, amenities and infrastructure, access and capacity

• Impacts of mitigation – windfarms and
• ther renewables, traffic and transport
• Impacts of adaptive change – flood and

defenses, forestation, agriculture, ‘weatherproofing’ etc.

• We need a plan…

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The challenge for cultural tourism The response The dimensions

• f delivery

Destination development Destination management Destination marketing Branding and marketing Access P roduct quality Collaboration Awareness training S ustainable cultural destinations E xternal expertise S kills E valuation, exchange and dissemination Outputs: Improved tourism policies - local, national, regional, E U enhanced sustainability of cultural heritage increased growth and employment opportunities Developing truly sustainable tourism policy and practice in an uncertain economic, social and environmental context P lace marketing Visitor information Access to heritage Quality criteria Cultural routes Host communities Local products Cycling fortourists Railway heritage E ffective partnerships Traditional skills Climate change

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What is Destination Management?

• Coordinating all the activities and

services which impact on visitors and their enjoyment of a destination 35

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What Does Destination Management Involve?

• A clear direction: vision and leadership

delivered in partnership

• Business support, training and

networking

• Relating tourism to land use planning

and development control

• Public realm – management and

maintenance

• Destination marketing/ promotion
• Investment promotion
• Infrastructure, transport, access,

signposting and other services

• Product knowledge and data gathering
• Relating tourism to environmental and

cultural capacity and resilience

• Local information provision
• Community liaison and engagement

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Aim: Sustainable Growth

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Destination Management Plans: A Compass Not a Map

• Should be developed via the destination

partnership

• Address identified weaknesses through a

destination audit

• Lead to an improvement in the visitor

experience as a result of action to tackle the weaknesses

• It is a document for the whole destination

agreed by all stakeholders

• Used as evidence for funding applications

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