[PPT] - Global Trends in Submarine Cable System Faults On behalf of the PowerPoint Presentation

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Global Trends in Submarine Cable System Faults

On behalf of the Submarine Cable Improvement Group

www.scig.net

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Maurice E. Kordahi & Seymour Shapiro

Tyco Electronics Subsea Communications

Gordon Lucas

Alcatel-Lucent Submarine Networks

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Alcatel-Lucent Submarine Networks
Global Marine Systems Limited
Kokusai Cable Ship Co. LTD
Tyco Electronics Subsea Communications

Submarine Cable Improvement Group (SCIG)

www.scig.net

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“To develop cost effective approaches and solutions to improve cable reliability and to communicate these to relevant international parties”

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Presenter Profile

Seymour Shapiro is Vice President, Research & Development, and Chief Technical Officer of SubCom, responsible for forward-looking research work, undersea transmission design, submerged plant and terminal equipment design and engineering. He joined AT&T Bell Laboratories in 1969 and has been involved with undersea fiber optic cable systems for the past 3 decades.

Dr. Shapiro was directly responsible for the design of

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Dr. Shapiro was directly responsible for the design of

TE SubCom’s existing family of repeatered and non- repeatered fiber optic cables, as well as the optical fiber developed to optimize system performance. He was also responsible for the mechanical design of all submerged hardware such as repeaters, couplings, joints, branching units, etc. and holds several patents in these areas.

Seymour Shapiro VP R&D & CTO, SubCom Email: sshapiro@subcom.com Tel: (+1) 732 578 7600 Mobile Tel: (+1) 732 614 8614

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Overview

Data Collection & Motivation - Logging Undersea Cable Faults
External Aggression - Data Binning Adjustment for some Faults

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Data Analysis – Presentation of “Raw” or Absolute Data
Normalization
Conclusions

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Data Collection & Motivation

Repair data collected for the purpose of system planning, cable

routing, cable type selection & cable protection

Faults entered into databases subsequent to repairs

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Not all faults around the world are included in every database
Two databases used for this study, TE SubCom & A-L SN

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Presentation of Absolute Data

Fault categories include: 1. External Aggression, Component, Other

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2. External Aggression Faults: Fishing, Anchors, Geological, etc. 3. Distribution of Faults in Different Water Depths: External Aggression, and Fishing

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Absolute Data – 2007-2009 TE SubCom & A-L SN All Faults

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1. Fishing Gear – Trawling, Dredging, Long Line Fishing, Stow Net Fishing, etc. 2. Anchors – Vessels in Harbor,

Bottom Hazards of Significant Influence

n Frequency of Undersea Cable Faults

Stow Net Fishing Anchor

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2. Anchors – Vessels in Harbor, Vessels Under Way, Danforth, Stockless, etc. 3. Geological – Landslides, Earthquakes, Earth Fault Lines, Sinkholes, etc.

Danforth Anchor Earth Drop

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Absolute Data – 2007-2009 TE SubCom & A-L SN External Aggression Faults

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AIS was adopted in 2003 as

a collision avoidance system

Ships over 300 GRT must

broadcast AIS signal continuously

Signal gives ship name and

ID, position, course & speed

Automated Identification System (AIS)

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ID, position, course & speed

AIS signals can be received

by antennae on ships & on shore

Private companies are

marketing AIS data from international networks of antennae

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Absolute Data – Combined Fishing & Anchors Faults Consecutive Time Periods

In selected regions, we are

now able to better bin failures.

Numerous faults which would

have been attributed to Fishing in the past are now entered as Anchors faults. www.scig.net

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entered as Anchors faults.

Nonetheless, overall fault rate

due to human activity is still in the 75% range before and after the use of AIS.

Fishing remains the major

cause of human activity faults, at 45%

f

all External Aggression.

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Absolute Data – Depth Distribution of External Aggression for Two Consecutive Time Periods

Difference between

the two time periods is clear between 100 m and 700 m water depths.

50% 60% 70% 80% ion Faults (%) TE SubCom Data 07-09 50% 60% 70% 80% ion Faults (%) TE SubCom Data 07-09 TE SubCom Data 04-06

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water depths.

Deep water (greater

than 1000 m) External Aggression faults are still around 15%.

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 1 3 5 7 9 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 All External Aggressio 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 1 3 5 7 9 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 All External Aggressio

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Absolute Data – Depth Distribution of Fishing & Anchor Faults for Two Consecutive Time Periods

50% 60% 70% 80% hor Faults (%) TE SubCom Data 07-09 50% 60% 70% 80% hor Faults (%) TE SubCom Data 07-09 TE SubCom Data 04-06

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0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 1 3 5 7 9 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 + Fishing & Ancho 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 1 3 5 7 9 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 + Fishing & Ancho

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Presentation of Normalized Data

A general reference number was computed as the cable faults were

divided by the length of cables deployed – Fault Trends covered interval between 2001 and 2009 – Fault rates are expressed as faults per 1000 km’s of cable

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Normalized data is provided for:

– All faults, in both shallow & deep waters – External aggression faults: fishing, anchors, etc. – Distribution of fishing faults in different water depths

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Normalized Data – All faults 2001 to 2009

1. Fault rates had been decreasing for 1st half of decade, but show slight increase over the last few years. 2. Over the past three years:

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 r 1000 km Depth < 1000m Depth > 1000m

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2. Over the past three years: a. 0.2 faults per year per 1000 km for shallow water, and b. less than 0.1 faults per year per 1000 km for deep water.

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Faults per 1

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Normalized Data – External Aggression Faults (<1000 m)

1. Average rate over the last 10 years is about 0.1 faults per year per 1000 km.

0.15 0.20 0.25 Faults per 1000 km Yearly - Depth < 1000m 3-yr Moving Average 3-yr Moving Average Trendline

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2. Rate has leveled off at an average of 0.1 faults per year.

0.00 0.05 0.10 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 External Aggression F

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Normalized Data – Fishing Faults 2001 to 2009 (<1000 m)

1. Over the last decade the average is slightly over 0.05 faults per year per 1000 km.

0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 per 1000 km Yearly - Depth < 1000m 3-yr Moving Average 3-yr Moving Average Trendline

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1000 km. 2. Recent trend is encouraging.

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Fishing Faults pe

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Absolute Data – Fishing Faults 2001 to 2009 (> 1000 m)

Absolute number of

deep water faults (deeper than 1000 m) per year is slightly less than 2 faults per year

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than 2 faults per year

ver the last decade.

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External aggression continues to be the dominant cause of faults
Anchors “while-ship-under-way” are now a greater percentage as

they are being better identified

Fishing activity remains the largest contributor to faults

Conclusions

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Fishing activity remains the largest contributor to faults
Most faults occur in less than 200 m water depth
Normalized fault rates show annual external aggression fault trends

are holding steady over time

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Recommendations

Continue to update cable protection methods to reflect newer

seabed usage

Encourage testing of diverse protection methods to provide

recommendations and improvements

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Communicate cable routes through Cable Awareness Programs;

Have an equivalent “Anchor Liaison Function” to the Fishing Liaison one

Continue cable burial in shallow waters, as it is still the most

effective protection method in most regions of the world

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Maurice E. Kordahi Seymour Shapiro Tyco Electronics Subsea Communications Gordon Lucas Alcatel-Lucent Submarine Networks

www.scig.net

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On behalf of the Submarine Cable Improvement Group (SCIG) Alcatel-Lucent Submarine Networks Global Marine Systems Limited Kokusai Cable Ship Co. LTD Tyco Electronics Subsea Communications

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2010

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Pacifico Convention Plaza Yokohama & InterContinental The Grand Yokohama 11 ~ 14 May 2010 www.suboptic.org The 7th International Conference & Convention

n Undersea Telecommunications