GHG reduction potentials through resource efficient use of minerals and secondary raw material Dr. Monika Dittrich Mind the (ambition) gap! Potentials of resource efficiency for mitigating climate change – Bonn, 8.11.2017
Agenda ❶ Use of minerals and related GHG emissions in Germany ❷ Approaches to resource efficiency and its potential - potential in companies, examples - potential of sectors, examples ❸ Overall potential in Germany and conclusions 2 Dittrich 08.11.2017
Metals and minerals in the German economy Metals and minerals account for • 56% of domestic extraction • 54% of imports 68% of exports and • • 54.4 % of material consumption in Germany => Reducing use of metals and minerals is highly relevant for reducing resource consumption in Germany 3 Sources: UBA-Project DeteRess/ifeu-SSG URMOD Dittrich 08.11.2017
Emissions of the mineral & basic metal industry All industries (energy-& process based) 4 UBA, 2017: NIR; UBA 2014: THGND Dittrich 08.11.2017
Approaches to improve resource efficient use Processing Use phase Waste More efficient processing Extend the life span Reuse More efficient technology Sharing & borrowing Remanufacturing „Using not possessing“ Less material use or Less demand & more Recycling substitution of material sufficiency Improve energy efficiency & substitute fossil energy carriers by renewable energy carriers 5 Dittrich 08.11.2017
Documentation of good examples, practices and tools (selection) • For Germany (available in English): www.resource- germany.com with tools, studies and case studies • 100 case studies from the federal state „Baden- Württemberg“ • Resource efficiency atlas for central Europe www.resourceefficiencyatlas.eu/good-practice-cases • UN Environment reports, e.g. resource efficiency • EPA, Victoria, Australia, case studies: www.epa.vic.gov.au • Several further books on good practices, case studies on industries, specific sectors etc. 6 Dittrich 08.11.2017
Approach to improve resource efficient use: Processing Use phase Waste More efficient processing Extend the life span Reuse More efficient technology Sharing & borrowing Remanufacturing „Using not possessing“ ⇒ Savings include Less material use or Less demand & more Recycling ⇒ Primary input of raw material substitution of material sufficiency ⇒ Waste stream in case of no re-use of offcuts ⇒ Energy input in case material is reused (e.g. metal plates) Improve energy efficiency & substitute fossil energy carriers by renewable energy carriers 7 Dittrich 08.11.2017
Approach to improve resource efficient use: Processing Use phase Waste Example mechanical More efficient processing Extend the life span Reuse engineering, Jomatik: Challenge: produce very specific More efficient technology Sharing & borrowing Remanufacturing machinery in small amounts for „Using not possessing“ individual clients Idea: change from subtractive Less material use or Less demand & more Recycling production processes to substitution of material sufficiency additive manufacturing based on new materials Company: Higher precision of products, material input of 2 t/a vs. 13.3 t/a in conventional Improve energy efficiency & substitute fossil energy carriers by renewable energy production process; energy input in production and carriers processing 36,5 MWh vs. 878 MWh linked to CO 2 - emission 0,4 t/a vs. 133 t/a before 8 Schmidt et al., 2016: 100 Betriebe für Ressourceneffizienz Dittrich 08.11.2017
Approach to improve resource efficient use: Processing Use phase Waste More efficient processing Extend the life span Reuse More efficient technology Sharing & borrowing Remanufacturing „Using not possessing“ Less material use or Less demand & more Recycling substitution of material sufficiency Lightweight design: example material input per screw nut -21,7 % (-19,3 g CO 2 ) Improve energy efficiency & substitute fossil energy carriers by renewable energy Average reduction potential by lightweight design 15 - 30 % (UN Environment 2014b) carriers 9 Schmidt et al., 2016: 100 Betriebe für Ressourceneffizienz Dittrich 08.11.2017
Demand for iron & steel Scenario: expected future development (AZE) Scenario: technological change Including, among others, adopted policies until 2014 in energy, traffic and building sectors, moderate increasing recycling rates and overall trends • lightweight construction of cars and airplaines • substitution of metals & minerals by wood in the housing sector • substitution of copper wires by aluminum wires � further reduction by 7 Mio. t RME metals ⇒ We can reduce iron demand by substitution and design and recycling, but there will always be a demand. 10 Sources: UBA-Project DeteRess/ifeu-SSG-ISI URMOD Dittrich 08.11.2017
Challenge in iron&steel industry Blast furnace Top Inputs: Top Output: -coke (coking plant) -waste Gas -ore burden Taphole Output: -pig iron Tuyere Inputs: -slag -wind (oxygen, moisture) -plastics -coal, oil, gas Converter Input: Converter Output: -pig iron -raw steel -scrap (max. 25 %) -oxygen 11 Emissions: UBA, 2014 Dittrich 08.11.2017
Potential due to change of production process, including fuel switch and recycling Blast furnace Electric arc furnace Top inputs: Inputs: Top Output: Output: -coke (coking plant) -scrap (max. 100 %) -waste gas -waste gas -ore burden -iron sponge, pig iron -electric energy -oxygen, gas, coke Taphole Output: -pig iron Tuyere Inputs: -slag -wind (oxygen, moisture) -plastics -coal, oil, gas Output: -raw steel Converter Input: Converter Output: -slag -pig iron -raw steel -scrap (max. 25 %) -oxygen 12 Dittrich 08.11.2017
Recycling of minerals and its potential: material use in civil engeniering, street and railway construction Trends in Germany: - Slower net growth of road construction in future due to area sealing policy and lower growth in further demand - Increasing need for maintanance of streets and railway construction thus increasing potential of use of recycling materials (in 2010, 14 Mio. t of road construction waste is recycled, in 2030, up to max. 60 Mio. t could be recycled) Primary material in 2010 Primary material in 2030 Recycling material up to Recycling material 13 DeteRess for 2010 and 2030; Scenario AZE; MRIO, 2013 for road construction waste Dittrich 08.11.2017 and share of recycling; http://www.kreislaufwirtschaft-bau.de/Arge/Bericht-08.pdf
Recycling of minerals and its potential: GHG emission reduction potential Resource efficiency potentials: BAU (similar AZE in road construction) : - official planning of streets with current techniques and recycling rates Resource efficient scenario: - exchange of layers instead of covering - Higher recycling rate of asphalt - energy efficient asphalt processing 14 VDI-ZRE/Ökoinstitut, 2015. https://www.ressource- Dittrich 08.11.2017 deutschland.de/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/studien/Studie_Ressourceneffizienz potenziale_im_Tiefbau.pdf
Overall potential of greenhousegas reduction and resource efficiency measures Assumptions include, amongst other, - Process changes in the iron & steel industry towards electric arc furnace technology - Process changes in 50 % of the cement industry - Increases in recycling in metal and minerals - Different substitutions in metal and mineral use - … - Overall trends (population, decrease area sealing, …) - Transition towards 100% - renewables in the energy sector - Increased interlinkage between sectors - … 15 UBA, 2017 Dittrich 08.11.2017
Overall potential according to the study • GHG emissions decrease by -95 % Industrial emissions decrease by -83 % • • Material consumption (RMC) decreases by -60 % • Metal and mineral use decrease by -46 % 16 Dittrich 08.11.2017
Conclusion: Mind the gap? 1. Nearly all „small“ and „large“ changes towards improving efficiency in resource use have a positive impact on greenhouse gas emission reduction, particularly if energy- and resource efficiency measures are linked 2. Recycling is a potent strategy. In most cases, it goes along with a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions 3. In Germany, infrastructure is built and has to be maintained => reduce new construction as far as possible due to nearly unavoidable lock-in effects 4. In Germany, there are high investment costs to change production systems (among other, fossil based energy mix, example steel production, …) => invest in emission free technology from the start 17 Dittrich 08.11.2017
Thank you for your attention! monika.dittrich@ifeu.de Wilckensstraße 3 69120 Heidelberg Telefon +49 (0)6 221. 47 67 - 0 Telefax +49 (0)6 221. 47 67 - 19 www.ifeu.de Wilckensstraße 3 69120 Heidelberg Telefon +49 (0)6 221. 47 67 - 0 Telefax +49 (0)6 221. 47 67 - 19 www.ifeu.de
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