GEODESY I N AVI ATI ON, GEODESY I N AVI ATI ON, I mplementation of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

GEODESY I N AVI ATI ON, I mplementation of the WGS 84 Datum for the Global Navigation Satellite System GEODESY I N AVI ATI ON, I mplementation of the WGS 84 Datum for the Global Navigation Satellite System

2001 I nternational Symposium on GPS/ GNSS

Fred Henstridge November 8, 2001 Jeju I sland, Korea

2001 I nternational Symposium on GPS/ GNSS

Fred Henstridge November 8, 2001 Jeju I sland, Korea

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 2

P S O M A S

PRESENTATI ON AGENDA PRESENTATI ON AGENDA

What is CFI T The I mportance of GNSS Datums Purpose of WGS 84 Surveys Typical Airfield Survey Quality Assurance GI S for Airports Discussions What is CFI T The I mportance of GNSS Datums Purpose of WGS 84 Surveys Typical Airfield Survey Quality Assurance GI S for Airports Discussions

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 3

P S O M A S

CFI T- I t Does Not Have to Be CFI T- I t Does Not Have to Be

Controlled Flight I nto Terrain (CFI T)? 33% of all Fatalities since 1985

Guam, Aug. 6, 1997

228 Fatalities

Van, Turkey, December 29, 1994

54 Fatalities

Philippines, Feb. 2, 1998

104 Fatalities

El Salvador, Aug. 8, 1995

65 Fatalities

Buga, Colombia, Dec. 20, 1995

160 Fatalities

Arequipa, Peru, Feb. 29, 1996

123 Fatalities

I ndonesia, Dec 19, 1997

97 Fatalities

The List Goes On ........................... Controlled Flight I nto Terrain (CFI T)? 33% of all Fatalities since 1985

Guam, Aug. 6, 1997

228 Fatalities

Van, Turkey, December 29, 1994

54 Fatalities

Philippines, Feb. 2, 1998

104 Fatalities

El Salvador, Aug. 8, 1995

65 Fatalities

Buga, Colombia, Dec. 20, 1995

160 Fatalities

Arequipa, Peru, Feb. 29, 1996

123 Fatalities

I ndonesia, Dec 19, 1997

97 Fatalities

The List Goes On ...........................

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 4

P S O M A S

The I mportance of GNSS The I mportance of GNSS

Satellite-based Navigation Offers Substantial

Safety and Operating Benefits Vs. The Existing Ground-based Navigation System

A Boeing Study Covering 1986 to 1996

Determined That Large Commercial Jets Have Crashed in Latin America at a Rate of 4.5 Per Million Flights, Three Times the World Average and Nine Times the U.S. Average

The Majority of CFI T Accidents Occur During

the Final Descent, on Course but Short of the Runway

Satellite-based Navigation Offers Substantial

Safety and Operating Benefits Vs. The Existing Ground-based Navigation System

A Boeing Study Covering 1986 to 1996

Determined That Large Commercial Jets Have Crashed in Latin America at a Rate of 4.5 Per Million Flights, Three Times the World Average and Nine Times the U.S. Average

The Majority of CFI T Accidents Occur During

the Final Descent, on Course but Short of the Runway

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 5

P S O M A S

Advantages to GNSS Advantages to GNSS

Safer

All Weather Functional

• Can Land Aircraft in All Weather

Human Element Minimized Collision And Flight I nto Terrain Avoidance More Accurate I nstrument Approach Procedures

More Efficient Air Traffic Management

Saves Time

• Increased Airport Acceptance Rates

Saves Fuel

• Increases Pay Loads
• Less Costly

I ncreased Use of Airspace

Safer

All Weather Functional

• Can Land Aircraft in All Weather

Human Element Minimized Collision And Flight I nto Terrain Avoidance More Accurate I nstrument Approach Procedures

More Efficient Air Traffic Management

Saves Time

• Increased Airport Acceptance Rates

Saves Fuel

• Increases Pay Loads
• Less Costly

I ncreased Use of Airspace

S a v e s L i v e s

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 6

P S O M A S

GPS Navigation GPS Navigation

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

Ground Controlled Route

GNSS Route

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 7

P S O M A S

Geodesy Geodesy

Describing the Earth

Shape of Earth (Big Potato)

Definitions

Spheroid or Ellipsoid Datum Geoid

• Gravity Field
• Mean Sea Level (MSL)

Visual Presentation (Maps and Charts)

• Coordinates
• Projections

Describing the Earth

Shape of Earth (Big Potato)

Definitions

Spheroid or Ellipsoid Datum Geoid

• Gravity Field
• Mean Sea Level (MSL)

Visual Presentation (Maps and Charts)

• Coordinates
• Projections

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 8

P S O M A S

Geodetic Datums Geodetic Datums

Numerous World-Wide

Datums

280+

100 Years Old Best Fit for a Local Area

(Country)

Used Mainly for Mapping Not Suited for Global Data

I nterchange

Numerous World-Wide

Datums

280+

100 Years Old Best Fit for a Local Area

(Country)

Used Mainly for Mapping Not Suited for Global Data

I nterchange

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 9

P S O M A S

Local Geodetic Datums Local Geodetic Datums

> 200 Datums in the World I n Use Today

Scientific and Political Reasons

Much Disagreement

Scientific and Political Reasons

GPS Navigation Requires Agreement

Common Ellipsoid and Height Reference (Horizontal

and Vertical Datum)

An Aircraft Leaving Point “A” and Flying to Point “B”,

With the Assistance of GNSS, Needs to Have Both Points “A” and “B” Related to the Same Datum I f a Safe Arrival I s Expected.

• WGS-84 Is The Specified Datum by ICAO, The United Sates FAA

and the DoD.

> 200 Datums in the World I n Use Today

Scientific and Political Reasons

Much Disagreement

Scientific and Political Reasons

GPS Navigation Requires Agreement

Common Ellipsoid and Height Reference (Horizontal

and Vertical Datum)

An Aircraft Leaving Point “A” and Flying to Point “B”,

With the Assistance of GNSS, Needs to Have Both Points “A” and “B” Related to the Same Datum I f a Safe Arrival I s Expected.

• WGS-84 Is The Specified Datum by ICAO, The United Sates FAA

and the DoD.

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 10

P S O M A S

Ellipsoid Ellipsoid

Mathematical Model of the Earth Have Become More Accurate Great Variety Mathematically Described by

Semi Major axis (a) Semi Minor axis (b) flattening (f), f= (a-b)/ a Eccentricity (e), e2 = f * (2-f)

Mathematical Model of the Earth Have Become More Accurate Great Variety Mathematically Described by

Semi Major axis (a) Semi Minor axis (b) flattening (f), f= (a-b)/ a Eccentricity (e), e2 = f * (2-f)

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 11

P S O M A S

Typical Ellipsoid Model

SEMI-MINOR AXIS

SEMI-MAJOR AXIS

Flattening b a

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 12

P S O M A S

Ellipsoids Ellipsoids

Geoid Ellipsoids

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 13

P S O M A S

Ellipsoidal Shifts Ellipsoidal Shifts

Geoid

(Orthometric Height)

Local Ellipsoid Global Ellipsoid

WGS 84

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 14

P S O M A S

WGS 84 Ellipsoid WGS 84 Ellipsoid

Ellipsoidal Parameters

Semi-Minor Axis = Polar Radius = b (WGS- 84 value = 6356752.3142 meters) Semi-Major Axis = Equatorial Radius = a (WGS- 84 value = 6378137.0 meters) Flattening = f = (a-b)/a (WGS- 84 value = 1/298.257223563) First Eccentricity Squared = e ∧ 2 = 2f-f ∧ 2 (WGS- 84 value = 0.00669437999013)

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 15

P S O M A S

Example of Datum Shifts Example of Datum Shifts

500 Meters 97° 44’25.19” West

WGS 84

30° 16' 28.82” North

WGS 84

1000 Meters Australian Geodetic System 1984 British Ordinance Survey 1936 Tokyo South American 1969 European Datum 1950 Indian Cape

There Are Over 280 Active Mapping Datums In The World Today There Are Over 280 Active Mapping Datums In The World Today

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 16

P S O M A S

Effect of Datum on Aviation Effect of Datum on Aviation

462 m 245 m Where the aircraft is at the end of the GPS approach procedure using WGS-84 Datum

The Position of the Runway Must Be Moved to Comply with WGS-84 Datum 36

Where the end

• f the runway

is located based on Local Datum

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 17

P S O M A S

Since 1985 40% of all Aviation Fatalities Have Resulted from Controlled Flight Into Terrain.

Philip M. Condit Chairman-CEO, Boeing Corp.

Since 1985 40% of all Aviation Fatalities Have Resulted from Controlled Flight Into Terrain.

Philip M. Condit Chairman-CEO, Boeing Corp.

Effect of Datum on Aviation Effect of Datum on Aviation

462 m Where the aircraft is at the end of the GPS approach procedure using WGS-84 Datum The Position of the Runway Now Conforms to WGS-84 Where the end

• f the runway

is located AFTER WGS-84 Survey

36

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 18

P S O M A S

Heights Heights

Present a Major Problem for Global

Navigation

Where I s Height (Elevation)

Measured From?

Center of the Earth Surface of the Earth Somewhere Else?

Where is Mean Sea Level (MSL)? Present a Major Problem for Global

Navigation

Where I s Height (Elevation)

Measured From?

Center of the Earth Surface of the Earth Somewhere Else?

Where is Mean Sea Level (MSL)?

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 19

P S O M A S

Common Basis For Height Common Basis For Height

Topographic Surface

The Surface We Stand Upon

Geoid

Equipotential Surface Based on Gravity

• Approximates Mean Sea Level

Ellipsoid Surface

Mathematical Model for Mapping Usually Local in Nature

• Based On Local Datum

Topographic Surface

The Surface We Stand Upon

Geoid

Equipotential Surface Based on Gravity

• Approximates Mean Sea Level

Ellipsoid Surface

Mathematical Model for Mapping Usually Local in Nature

• Based On Local Datum

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 20

P S O M A S

Geoid I nfluences Geoid I nfluences

The Geoid is an I rregular Surface Defined by Gravity

Potential

I f Whole Planet Covered With Water, I t Would Equal

the Geoid Surface (MSL)

The Geoid is an I rregular Surface Defined by Gravity

Potential

I f Whole Planet Covered With Water, I t Would Equal

the Geoid Surface (MSL)

EFFECT OF MASS DISTRIBUTION

(extremely exaggerated)

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 21

P S O M A S

Height Relationships Height Relationships

Topographic Surface Geoid Ellipsoid WGS-84 H N h H = Orthometric Height (h-N) h = Ellipsoidal Height (H+N) N = Geoidal Height (Gravity)

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 22

P S O M A S

GPS Height Reference

Earth’s Surface Ellipsoid Geoid

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 23

P S O M A S

Geodial Separations Geodial Separations

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 24

P S O M A S

EGM96 EGM96

EGM96 I s a Spherical Harmonic Model of

the Earth's Gravitational Potential

The NI MA/ NASA Geoid Height File

Consists of a 0.25 Degree Grid of Point Values in the Tide-free System

Based on Gravity Measurements NI MA Will Assist in Making Gravity

Measurements

Fiducial Stations Loan Equipment Training

Note that EGM96 applies only to the WGS 84 reference ellipsoid

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 25

P S O M A S

EGM96-360 Model EGM96-360 Model

10° North 67° West

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 26

P S O M A S

Cheju-Do Cheju-Do

Cheju I ntl. (CJU)

33° 30” N 126° 29” W N= + 25.5 meters

Cheju I ntl. (CJU)

33° 30” N 126° 29” W N= + 25.5 meters

H=h-N H=30m-25.5m=4.5m

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 27

P S O M A S

What is WGS 84 What is WGS 84

World Geodetic System - 1984 Provides Global Consistency

Earth-Centered Satellite Defined

• 24 NAVSTAR Satellites
• 20,200 km Orbits
• US DOD & DOT Maintained
• Global Availability

Adopted by I CAO I n 1989 World Geodetic System - 1984 Provides Global Consistency

Earth-Centered Satellite Defined

• 24 NAVSTAR Satellites
• 20,200 km Orbits
• US DOD & DOT Maintained
• Global Availability

Adopted by I CAO I n 1989

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 28

P S O M A S

Types of Positioning

GPS I n Geodetic Surveying GPS I n Geodetic Surveying

Point positioning (absolute)

Precise Ephemeris Required Removal of Selective Availability (SA) Effects Special Processing Software and Algorithms

• NIMA’s GASP or JPL’s GIPSY

Large Data Sets (Long Observation Times)

Relative (Differential) Positioning

Networks Required

• Geodetic Networks

Post Processing of Vectors

• Least Squares Network Adjustments Required

Real Time Kinematic Possible

Point positioning (absolute)

Precise Ephemeris Required Removal of Selective Availability (SA) Effects Special Processing Software and Algorithms

• NIMA’s GASP or JPL’s GIPSY

Large Data Sets (Long Observation Times)

Relative (Differential) Positioning

Networks Required

• Geodetic Networks

Post Processing of Vectors

• Least Squares Network Adjustments Required

Real Time Kinematic Possible

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 29

P S O M A S

The GPS Vector:

Station 1 Station 2 X Y Z

Geodesic Ground Distance Ellipsoid VECTOR

Direct measurement from Station 1 to Station 2

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 30

P S O M A S

Purpose of WGS 84 Surveys Purpose of WGS 84 Surveys

Provide Accurate WGS-84 Survey Data at

Airfield

Certify Runway & NAVAI D Positions

Locate and Map Obstructions Critical for GNSS Systems Such as LAAS Need for GPS Approach Design

TERPS and PAN-OPS

Support the Use of Satellite-Based

Navigation (GNSS) in the Region

Provide Accurate WGS-84 Survey Data at

Airfield

Certify Runway & NAVAI D Positions

Locate and Map Obstructions Critical for GNSS Systems Such as LAAS Need for GPS Approach Design

TERPS and PAN-OPS

Support the Use of Satellite-Based

Navigation (GNSS) in the Region

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 31

P S O M A S

Project Approach Project Approach

Develop Work Plan and Schedule

Notify Airport and Aviation Officials

Airport Reconnaissance

Consult with Airport Engineers & Security Officials

Conduct Field Surveys

Set Required Monuments GPS and Conventional Surveys Quality Assurance

Prepare Final Reports and Charts

Final Briefing

Develop Work Plan and Schedule

Notify Airport and Aviation Officials

Airport Reconnaissance

Consult with Airport Engineers & Security Officials

Conduct Field Surveys

Set Required Monuments GPS and Conventional Surveys Quality Assurance

Prepare Final Reports and Charts

Final Briefing

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 32

P S O M A S

Typical Airfield Survey Typical Airfield Survey

Site/ Area Reconnaissance

Gather Existing Maps, Charts and Control Data Locate or Set Monuments (PACS, SACS & Control)

GPS Positioning of PACS GPS Positioning of SACS Survey Runway Features Profile Runway & Taxiways Locate NAVAI DS Locate Obstructions Site/ Area Reconnaissance

Gather Existing Maps, Charts and Control Data Locate or Set Monuments (PACS, SACS & Control)

GPS Positioning of PACS GPS Positioning of SACS Survey Runway Features Profile Runway & Taxiways Locate NAVAI DS Locate Obstructions

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 33

P S O M A S

Surveying Procedures Surveying Procedures

PACS and SACS

Assistance from NI MA with GPS Post Processing

Runway Features

Runway Ends Touch Down Zone

Navigation Aids (Visual and Electronic) Vertical Obstructions (Obstacles) Photo Control PACS and SACS

Assistance from NI MA with GPS Post Processing

Runway Features

Runway Ends Touch Down Zone

Navigation Aids (Visual and Electronic) Vertical Obstructions (Obstacles) Photo Control

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 34

P S O M A S

PACS and SACS? PACS and SACS?

Airfield Permanent Reference

Monumentation

Primary Airport Control Station (PACS) Secondary Airport Control Station (SACS) WGS-84 Positioned Stable, Permanent Monuments Visibility,

• 1000 Meters Apart with Intervisibility for use with

Conventional Survey Equipment

Horizon

• Interference/Multipath

Reference Drawings

Airfield Permanent Reference

Monumentation

Primary Airport Control Station (PACS) Secondary Airport Control Station (SACS) WGS-84 Positioned Stable, Permanent Monuments Visibility,

• 1000 Meters Apart with Intervisibility for use with

Conventional Survey Equipment

Horizon

• Interference/Multipath

Reference Drawings

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 35

P S O M A S

PACS Reference Drawing PACS Reference Drawing

SKETCH:

Name Date Name of Checker Date of Check

PREPARED BY: DATE PREPARED: CHECKED BY: DATE CHECKED:

DESCRIPTION OF GEODETIC STATION

STATION NAME: AIRPORT CODE: ESTABLISHED BY: DESCRIBED BY: LOCATION: DATE: DESCRIPTION:

Station Name ICAO/IATA PSOMAS Name 1999 Brief location description The station is a 50mmØ bronze disk stamped "ICAO/ MAR PAC 3 1999" set flush with concrete on top of a large concrete mound. La Chinita International Airport, Maracaibo, Venezuela C

• n

c r e t e R u n w a y

2

Asphalt Area

20 m

15m

PAC 3 Photo

Sample Reference Drawing

I nclude All Pertinent

I nformation

• Date, Location, Airport Code,

Monument Type, etc.

• Include a Verbal Description of

Location

Draw Sketch

• Show Relative Location of Monument

to Features

• Include Measured Reference Ties,

Minimum of 3 Ties

• CAD Drawing is Preferred for Clarity,

Digital File and Inclusion with GIS

I nclude Photo of Monument

Sample Reference Drawing

I nclude All Pertinent

I nformation

• Date, Location, Airport Code,

Monument Type, etc.

• Include a Verbal Description of

Location

Draw Sketch

• Show Relative Location of Monument

to Features

• Include Measured Reference Ties,

Minimum of 3 Ties

• CAD Drawing is Preferred for Clarity,

Digital File and Inclusion with GIS

I nclude Photo of Monument

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 36

P S O M A S

36

Runway Features Runway Features

Why?

Needed for GPS Approach and LAAS

What?

Ends

• Should be Monumented

Corners Thresholds & Stopways Vertical Profile of the Centerline

How?

Conventional or GPS Surveys

• Total Station or Stop and Go GPS

Why?

Needed for GPS Approach and LAAS

What?

Ends

• Should be Monumented

Corners Thresholds & Stopways Vertical Profile of the Centerline

How?

Conventional or GPS Surveys

• Total Station or Stop and Go GPS

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 37

P S O M A S

NAVAI DS NAVAI DS

A Position, and Sometimes an Elevation,

Shall Be Determined for the Selected Electronic NAVAI DS Associated With the Airport or Adjacent Airspace.

Why?

Transition, Needed to Compute and Prepare Flight

Charts

What?

Electronic Devices such as VOR, RADAR and I LS

How?

GPS or Conventional Surveying

A Position, and Sometimes an Elevation,

Shall Be Determined for the Selected Electronic NAVAI DS Associated With the Airport or Adjacent Airspace.

Why?

Transition, Needed to Compute and Prepare Flight

Charts

What?

Electronic Devices such as VOR, RADAR and I LS

How?

GPS or Conventional Surveying

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 38

P S O M A S

Location Techniques Location Techniques

= GPS Positioned Control Point Location by Theodolite Angles

Control Points Must Be Close. Complex Trigonometric Computations Needed. Location By Reflectorless (LIDAR)Total Station. One Point Needed, Back Sight to Any Known Point. Record Positions (X,Y,Z) Directly Into Data Collector.

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 39

P S O M A S

Vertical Obstructions Vertical Obstructions

An Obstruction, for This Section, I s Any

Object That Penetrates an Obstruction I dentification Surface (OI S). I t Shall Be the Highest Object Within the Area

What?

Physical Features Topographic Features Man-made Features

How?

Surveys vs. I magery Economy vs. Utility

An Obstruction, for This Section, I s Any

Object That Penetrates an Obstruction I dentification Surface (OI S). I t Shall Be the Highest Object Within the Area

What?

Physical Features Topographic Features Man-made Features

How?

Surveys vs. I magery Economy vs. Utility

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 40

P S O M A S

Approach Surface 1 Approach Surface 1

Side View of Approach Surface

Runway 60 m 7.620 m ft 5,300 m 12,980m (7NM) 50:1Approach Slope Surface End of Runway 152 m Horizontal Surface 152 meters above lowest runway end

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 41

P S O M A S

Approach Surface-2 Approach Surface-2

Top View of Approach Surface

13,899 ft

60 m 98° 60 m 98° 98° 98°

Runway

Primary Surface Primary Surface

Center Line of Runway

300 m 300 m

12,980 m (7nm) 12,980 m (7nm)

4,233 m 4,233 m

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 42

P S O M A S

Approach Surface-3 Approach Surface-3

End View of Runway, Showing the Primary/Approach Transitional Surface

Runway End Primary Surface Primary Surface Runway Centerline 300 m 300 m 625 m 625 m 320 m 320 m 45 m above lowest runway end Primary Transitional Surface 7:1 Slope Primary Transitional Surface 7:1 Slope 45 m above lowest runway end

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 43

P S O M A S

Approach Surface-4 Approach Surface-4

Top View of Conical/Outer Horizontal Transitional Surface Obstructions

Primary/Approach Transitional Surface Inner Horizontal Surface Inner Horizontal Surface Conical Surface, 20:1 Slope Conical Surface, 20:1 Slope Outer Horizontal Surface Primary/Approach Transitional Surface

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 44

P S O M A S

Collection Model 3-D Collection Model 3-D

Not to Scale

Obstruction Identification Surface (OIS)

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 45

P S O M A S

I t All Comes Together I t All Comes Together

RUNWAY

TAXIWAY

Airport Bldg. Thresholds & Corners

Profile Runway

NAVAIDS

Should Be Intervisible

PACS SACS SACS SACS SACS

Survey Obstructions as Specified

San Jose I nternational San Jose I nternational

Juan Santamaria International Airport, San Jose Costa Rica

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 47

P S O M A S

Photogrammetric Mapping Photogrammetric Mapping

Location of Obstacles

Airfield DEM

Photo Control

Sharply Defined Corners Bigger I s Better High Contrast I deal Distribution GPS Locations Relative to

Airfield Control Stations

Location of Obstacles

Airfield DEM

Photo Control

Sharply Defined Corners Bigger I s Better High Contrast I deal Distribution GPS Locations Relative to

Airfield Control Stations

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 48

P S O M A S

Satellite I maging Satellite I maging

The Use of Satellite Imaging Will Be of Great Value in Near Future

1-Meter Resolution Image of Taipai Airport Approach from IKONOS 2 Satellite

Space Imaging Corp

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 49

P S O M A S

Survey Work Flow Survey Work Flow

Research Reconnaissance Logistics PACS SACS Features & Profiles Photo Control NAVAIDS Obstructions Documentation Check Plots & Q.C.

Deliver to Client

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 50

P S O M A S

Project Deliverables Project Deliverables

1 Primary & 3-4 Secondary WGS-84

Control Stations

X,Y,Z Positions on Runway Thresholds &

Centerline

Location of NAVAI DS & Obstructions Photo Control I CAO (Type “A”) Obstacle Chart I CAO Aerodrome Chart Final Report 1 Primary & 3-4 Secondary WGS-84

Control Stations

X,Y,Z Positions on Runway Thresholds &

Centerline

Location of NAVAI DS & Obstructions Photo Control I CAO (Type “A”) Obstacle Chart I CAO Aerodrome Chart Final Report

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 51

P S O M A S

Accuracy & Precision Accuracy & Precision

The Precision Requirements Are Expressed (Root Sum Square of the Accumulated Process Errors Less the Absolute Accuracy Estimate of the PACS) Per Component (Latitude, Longitude, and Ellipsoid Height), 90% Confidence Region, With Respect to the PACS. The Precision Requirements Are Expressed (Root Sum Square of the Accumulated Process Errors Less the Absolute Accuracy Estimate of the PACS) Per Component (Latitude, Longitude, and Ellipsoid Height), 90% Confidence Region, With Respect to the PACS. The Accuracy Requirements Are Expressed (Root Sum Square of the Accumulated Process Errors), Per Component (Latitude, Longitude, and Ellipsoid Height), 90% Confidence Region, to I nclude the Accuracy of the Recognized WGS 84 Fiducial Station. The Accuracy Requirements Are Expressed (Root Sum Square of the Accumulated Process Errors), Per Component (Latitude, Longitude, and Ellipsoid Height), 90% Confidence Region, to I nclude the Accuracy of the Recognized WGS 84 Fiducial Station.

Accuracy Precision

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 52

P S O M A S

Specifications (I CAO) Specifications (I CAO)

1 1 Overrun (stopway) Ends 1 1 Threshold Ends 1 1 Touch Down Zone Elevation (TDZE) N/R 30 Airport Reference Point (ARP) 1 1 Runway Ends 0.05 0.05 Secondary Airport Control Station (SACS) 0.6* 0.6* Primary Airport Control Station (PACS)

• Rel. (h)
• Rel. (φ/λ)

Points Of Interest

Precision Requirements (expressed in meters) Relative to PACS

* Denotes Absolute Position

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 53

P S O M A S

Specifications (I CAO) - 2 Specifications (I CAO) - 2

N/R 100 Airport Surveillance Radar N/R 100 Air Route Surveillance Radar 0.3 N/R

Runway Profile: At least 4 surveyed points

along the runway surface are required in all

• cases. The points should include the runway

ends and 2 other points located as to divide the runway into 3 approximately equal

• sections. Additionally, if the gradient

between any two surveyed points departs the actual runway surface by more than 0.3 meter, supplemental points shall be established until the standard is met.

• Rel. (h)
• Rel. (φ/λ)

Points Of Interest

Precision Requirements (expressed in meters) Relative to PACS

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 54

P S O M A S

Specifications (I CAO) - 3 Specifications (I CAO) - 3

2 2 Obstacles (Highest Obstructions) N/R N/R Photo Identifiable Points 30 3 Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) 3 3 Glide Slope (GS) N/R 3 Outer Marker N/R 3 Middle Marker 3 3 Localizer

• Instrument Landing System (ILS)
• Rel. (h)
• Rel. (φ/λ)

Points Of Interest

Precision Requirements (expressed in meters) Relative to PACS

P S O M A S

QUALI TY ASURANCE I N AI RFI ELD SURVEYS QUALI TY ASURANCE I N AI RFI ELD SURVEYS

“Quality Assurance Depends on Management, Process, Documentation and Qualified, Well Trained Staff” “Quality Assurance Depends on Management, Process, Documentation and Qualified, Well Trained Staff”

William Edwards Deming (1900-1993)

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 56

P S O M A S

5 Steps to Quality Assurance 5 Steps to Quality Assurance

1.

Project Delivery Plan

2.

Standards

3.

Tasks & Responsibilities

4.

Documentation

5.

Qualified Staff

1.

Project Delivery Plan

2.

Standards

3.

Tasks & Responsibilities

4.

Documentation

5.

Qualified Staff

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 57

P S O M A S

GI S For Airports GI S For Airports

Airfield Positions and Features Will Be

Managed By GI S

NI MA is Moving To This Technology Spatial Data Management Digital Map and Chart Production Periodic Updates

Other Uses For Airport GI S

Facilities Management Ground Traffic Management Approach Design Noise Contour Mapping 3-D Visualizations

Airfield Positions and Features Will Be

Managed By GI S

NI MA is Moving To This Technology Spatial Data Management Digital Map and Chart Production Periodic Updates

Other Uses For Airport GI S

Facilities Management Ground Traffic Management Approach Design Noise Contour Mapping 3-D Visualizations

November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 58

P S O M A S

Airfields I n A GI S Airfields I n A GI S

Community Noise Equivalent Levels (CNEL) I mpact on Jurisdictions

QUESTI ONS & DI SCUSSI ON QUESTI ONS & DI SCUSSI ON