GED 368: GIS APPLICATIONS Ing. Dr. E. K. Appiah-Adjei Department of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

GED 368: GIS APPLICATIONS

• Ing. Dr. E. K. Appiah-Adjei

Department of Geological Engineering Faculty of Civil and Geo-Engineering College of Engineering KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana

www.knust.edu.gh

COURSE INFORMATION

 Course: GED 368 GIS Applications  Credit Hours: 2  Lectures: 12.00 – 12.55 @ PB001 (Tuesday)  Practical: 10.00 – 11.55 @ ICT Center (Wednesday)  Contact: ekappiah-adjei.soe@knust.edu.gh Office @ Room 011 in B-K Building 0207934556  Assistants: Dennis Asante/Abdul Rahman

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www.knust.edu.gh 3

COURSE OUTLINE

1. Principles and Components of GIS 2. Practical Applications of GIS 3. Available GIS Software 4. Practical Use of ArcGIS (and Surfer)

LITERATURE

• Lecture Slides
• Tutorial Guide(s)
• Bolstad, P. (2005). GIS Fundamentals: A First Text on Geographic

Information Systems, 2nd ed. White Bear Lake, MN: Eider Press.

• Relevant materials online?

NOTES

• Attendance, Punctuality, Cheating, etc.
• Grading {Exam (60%) + CA (40%) = 100%}
• CA (Mid-Semester Exam and Practical Exercises)

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Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

UNIT 1: DEFINITIONS AND RELEVANCE

What is GIS?

 GIS – Geographic Information System  It is a computer system capable of capturing, storing, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced information

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What is GIS? – cont’d

• It is a computer-based system that aids in the collection, storage,

maintenance, analysis, output and distribution of spatial data and information (Textbook definition; Bolstad, 2005)

• “GIS is an organized collection of computer hardware, software,

geographic data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information” (ESRI, 1990)

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What is GIS? – cont’d

 GIS deals with:

• Geographic location because data collected and used is associated

with some location in space

• Information because attributes or the characteristics of the data

about the space is what is of interest and need to be analyzed

• Systems because there must be a tie from the information to the

geographic location in a seamless operation  Spatial data is data that can be linked in geographic space to some feature on a map; has both a spatial (where) and an attribute (what) component  Attribute is a characteristic

• f a

feature that contains a measurement or value for the feature in a column in a data file  Feature is a term used to represent real world features in a digital format

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 Importance of GIS

• 1. GIS helps to display data in realistic 3-D perspective

views and animations that convey information more effectively and to wider audiences than traditional maps

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Importance of GIS

• 2. GIS help to analyze large datasets, allowing a better

understanding of earthly processes and human activities more efficiently and at a lower cost

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Importance of GIS – cont’d

• 3. Wall maps, internet-ready maps, interactive maps, and other

graphics can be generated with GIS, allowing decision- makers to visualize and understand the results of analyses or simulation of potential events

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Importance of GIS – cont’d

• 4. GIS, regularly, helps in day-to-day management of many

natural and man-made resources including sewer, water, power and transportation networks

• 5. It helps to identify the source, location, and extent of

adverse environmental impacts and may help in devising practical plans for monitoring, managing and mitigating environmental damage

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CASE STUDY: Applying GIS to Delineate Groundwater Zones

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Applying GIS to Delineate Groundwater Potential Zones

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www.knust.edu.gh

Nsiah et al., 2017

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Applying GIS in Assessing Water Quality

GIS

Data Procedure People Software Hardware

GIS Components

• GIS is an integration of five components, namely: hardware, software,

data, humans (user) and set of organization protocols (procedure)

• The selection and purchase of software and hardware is the quickest

and easiest step in GIS development

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• People
• This is the most important component of GIS
• People need to develop the procedures and define tasks of GIS
• People always influence the output of the software and hardware
• The people range from GIS specialists who design and maintain the

system to GIS users who apply them for their everyday work

• Incompetent person can always mess up the best available software
• r hardware and cannot produce useful output

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• Data
• Availability and accuracy of data always influence any GIS analysis

and its output

• Geographic and related tabular data (spatial and non-spatial data)

are needed

• GIS will integrate spatial data with other data resources and use

database management systems to organize/maintain the spatial data

• Procedures
• Analysis requires well-defined, consistent methods to provide

accurate and reproducible results

• GIS operates according to a well-designed implementation plan and

business rules, which are the models and operating practices unique to each organization

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• Hardware
• Should be a fast computer with large data storage capacities and

high-quality large resolution display

• Its capability indirectly affect the output generation efficiency
• It affect the processing speed, ease of use, and type of output
• Software
• This is the tool that is used to manage, analyze and effectively

display and disseminate spatial data and information

• It includes various database, drawing, statistical, imaging, and other

software alongside other GIS ones

• Common functions to all GIS software includes data entry, editing,

data management, analysis and output

• Examples of GIS software include ArcGIS, MapInfo, Geomedia,

Idrisi, ERDAS, AutoCAD Map, etc.

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Basic Functions of GIS Software

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Capture Store Query Analyze Display Output Store

 Basic functions of all GIS software

• 1. Capturing data:
• GIS must provide techniques for geographic and tabular data input
• The software become versatile with more and better data input

methodologies

• 2. Storing data:
• GIS should be able to store both vector and raster data models

with equal efficiency

• 3. Querying data
• There must be a provision in GIS to query data at will
• The query should be both spatial and attribute based

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• 4. Analyzing data
• GIS should have the facility to analyze any type of spatial and

non-spatial data by some models

• It should have the ability to answer questions regarding the

interaction of spatial relationships between multiple datasets

• 5. Displaying data
• It is a bare necessity of GIS
• There must be a tool in GIS that will help to display the data for

visualization

• 6. Output
• It should have the ability to display the results of GIS analysis in

different formats such as maps, reports, graphs, etc.

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GIS Cycle

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Source: LUMA-GIS, 2005

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Source: ESRI

Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

UNIT 2: GIS DATA ENTRY

Data entry into GIS

• It is the operation of encoding data for inclusion into GIS database
• It is the first step in using GIS; the success of any GIS project depend
• n quality of data entered into the system
• Choice of any data input method depend largely on the application,

available budget, and the type/complexity of data being inputted

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• Methods of entering spatial data into GIS include:
• 1. Direct entry from scratch using direct spatial data acquisition

techniques i.e., field survey data and remotely sensed images

• This is the primary, and most ideal, way to obtain spatial data
• This can be done through ground-based field survey in-situ or by

using remote sensors in airplanes or satellites

• Ground-based techniques remain the most reliable data source;

high quality data; often customized for specific project or use

• Data from these sources are costly; lots of time needed to get data

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• 2. Indirectly from secondary data sources through:

(i) Data Conversion i.e. converting existing digital data captured for different purpose to a format usable in a GIS project

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(ii) Automatic scanning i.e. using scanning devices to automatically capture spatial data; this requires manual editing to obtain clean layer

• The scanners are generally expensive to acquire and operate

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(iii) Digitization of available paper maps

• This is the process of converting information on paper maps into

a digital format where the information is organized into discrete units of data that can be separately addressed

• It is a very cost-effective means of obtaining spatial data
• Digitizing can be done in two main ways; namely: manual

digitizing and semi-automatic or automatic digitizing

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a) Manual digitizing – i.e., human operator follows features on the map with a mouse device to trace them and their location coordinates relative to previously defined control points

• Control points ‘lock’ coordinate system into digitizing data and

help the system assign location to digitized information

• 2 forms of manual digitizing are on-tablet and on-screen digitizing
• It is useful for images full of detail and symbols e.g., topo maps

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b) Semi-automatic or automatic digitizing

• The image information is obtained from scanning and stored in

digital form and, thereafter, converted into vector data

• The vector image is then subjected to shape recognition program

to identify elements such as straight lines, sharp and rounded, etc.

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On-tablet digitizing On-screen digitizing

 Data formats

• Data formats and standards vary among most GIS software
• Digital data exchange is a problem, but there is a means for

converting from one format to the other??

• Information may be lost since not all formats can capture the

same data; hence, one needs to be cautious in converting data  Geographic data can be represented as 3 different types of geometric objects in GIS; these are:

• 1. Points – e.g., drill holes, sample points, wells, etc.
• 2. Lines - e.g., roads, water courses, borders, etc.
• 3. Polygons – e.g., land use, lakes, properties, localities, etc.

 Attribute data is a geometric data that provides information about the geometric objects

• It can be in a form of tables, sounds, texts, images, etc.

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• Each geometric data in GIS is (or can be) connected to an attribute

data through links (i.e., ID numbers)

• All objects on the map have unique ID numbers corresponding to

the ID numbers in the rows of the table

• These ID numbers help associate the attribute to a particular

feature on the map

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Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

UNIT 3: USING ArcGIS

Getting to Know ArcGIS

• ArcGIS is an integrated collection of GIS software products
• ArcGIS enables users to deploy GIS functionality wherever it is

needed on the desktop or in a server; in custom applications;

• ver the web; or in the field
• There are four products in the ArcGIS Desktop collection,

namely: ArcReader, ArcView, ArcEditor and ArcInfo. Each version includes progressively more functionality

• Each

version includes three components, namely: ArcMap for viewing data; ArcCatalog for working with data sources; and ArcToolbox for executing functions

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ArcView

 “ArcView is a full-featured GIS software for visualizing, managing, creating, and analyzing geographic data”  It allows users to: – Observe relationships and identify patterns in new ways – View and analyze spatial data in new ways – Build new geographic data sets quickly and easily – Create publication-quality maps – Manage all files, database, and internet data resources from a single application – Customize the user interface around tasks that need to be accomplished

43 Source: www.esri.com

ArcEditor

• It is a complete GIS desktop system for editing and managing

geographic data

• It is a GIS data automation and compilation product designed

for construction and maintenance of geodatabase features and shapefiles

• It has the functionality of ArcView + comprehensive GIS

editing tools

• ArcEditor includes tools that support metadata creation and

management and geographic data exploration, analysis, and mapping

• It also includes applications that make up the ArcGIS Desktop,

i.e. ArcMap, ArcCatalog and ArcToolbox

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ArcInfo

 ArcInfo is the most complete and extensible available GIS tool  It includes all the functionality of ArcView and ArcEditor and adds advanced geoprocessing and data conversion capabilities  Professional GIS users use ArcInfo for all aspects of data building, modeling, analysis, and map display for screen and output  With ArcInfo, you can:

• Build powerful geoprocessing models for discovering relationships,

analyzing data, and integrating data

• Perform vector overlay, proximity, and statistical analysis
• Convert data to and from many formats
• Build complex data and analysis models to automate GIS processes
• Publish cartographic maps using extensive display, design, printing,

and data management techniques

(Courtesy: ESRI) 45

ArcInfo - cont.

• There are two versions of

ArcInfo in ArcGIS package:

– ArcInfo Desktop – ArcInfo Workstation

• ArcInfo Desktop also include

the ArcMap, ArcCatalog and ArcToolbox applications that make up the ArcGIS Desktop

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ArcCatalog

 It organizes and manages all GIS information such as maps, globes, data sets, models, metadata, and services.  It includes tools to:

• Browse and find geographic information
• Record, view, and manage metadata
• Define, export, and import geodatabase schemas and designs
• Search and browse GIS data on local networks and the Web
• Administer an ArcGIS Server

 Users employ ArcCatalog to organize, find, and use GIS data as well as document data holdings using standards-based metadata  GIS database administrator uses ArcCatalog to define and build geodatabases

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View data (like Windows Explorer)

Graphical previews

Metadata Tables

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ArcToolbox

• ArcToolbox contains a comprehensive collection of

geoprocessing tools for:

– Data management – Data conversion – Coverage processing – Vector analysis – Geocoding – Statistical analysis

• ArcToolbox is embedded in ArcCatalog and ArcMap and

is available in ArcView, ArcEditor, and ArcInfo

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ArcToolbox – cont.

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ArcMap

• It is the central application in ArcGIS Desktop for all map-based tasks

including cartography, map analysis, and editing

• It is a comprehensive map authoring application for ArcGIS Desktop
• It offers two types of map views, such as:

1) Geographic data view — an environment where geographic layers are symbolized, analyzed, and compiled into GIS data sets

• A table of contents interface organizes and controls the drawing

properties of the GIS data layers in the data frame 2) Page layout view — an environment where map pages contain geographic data views as well as other map elements such as scale bars, legends, north arrows, and reference maps

• The page layout view is used to compose maps on pages for printing

and publishing

• Geospatial data is displayed, viewed, queried and edited in ArcMap

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ArcMap – cont.

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ArcGIS Extensions

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• Extensions provide you with additional GIS functionality
• Most extensions are optional products that are registered or

licensed individually, examples include:

www.esri.com

1. Analysis – ArcGIS Spatial Analyst – ArcGIS 3D Analyst – ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst – ArcGIS Network Analyst – ArcGIS Schematics – ArcGIS Survey Analyst – ArcGIS Tracking Analyst

• 2. Productivity

– ArcGIS Data Interoperability – ArcGIS Publisher – ArcGIS StreetMap – ArcPress for ArcGIS – ArcScan for ArcGIS – Maplex for ArcGIS

ArcGIS Extensions – cont’d

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• www.esri.com
• 3. Solution-based

– ArcGIS Business Analyst – ArcGIS Military Analyst – Job Tracking for ArcGIS (JTX) (ArcEditor, ArcInfo) – Production Line Tool Set (PLTS) for ArcGIS (ArcEditor, ArcInfo)

• 4. Web Services

– ArcWeb Services

• 5. No Cost Add-On

– Tablet PC Support for ArcGIS (included with ArcGIS 9) – ArcMap GPS Support (included with ArcGIS 9) – Districting for ArcGIS (free download)

ArcGIS – cont.

• The primary GIS data file format used by ESRI

products is the “shapefile”

• Consisting of at least three files :

– Shape file (.shp) required – holds geometry – Shape Index (.shx) required – holds indices – Database table (.dbf) required – holds attributes

• Additional files present may include:

– Projection file (.prj) optional – holds projection info – Ancillary files (.sbn, etc.) optional – used by ArcMap – Metadata files (.htm, .xml, .txt)

• ptional

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ArcGIS – cont.

• 1. *.sbn and *.sbx are files that store spatial index of the features
• They are created when you perform theme on theme selection,

spatial join or create an index on a theme’s Shape field

• 2. *.fbn and *.fbx are the same as for the *.sbn and *.sbx files but for

shapefiles that are “read-only”;

• 3. *.ain and *.aih are files that store the attribute index of the active

field in a table or a layer's attribute table

• These files are created when you perform a link on the tables
• 4. *.avl is the file that stores the legend information
• 5. *.prj is the file that stores the coordinate system information

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