Frontiers of Research in NDE Baldev Raj Hon. Member, ICNDT Distinguished Scientist and Director Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Kalpakkam - 603 102, India
Outline International scenario Frontiers of Research - Introduction Mission and Vision of Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research (IGCAR) Evolution of Centre of Excellence in NDE Multi-disciplinary Research Synergism at IGCAR
Research Research is original investigation to � Gain new insights � Enhance understanding � Invent � Improve the existing � Unique measurements � Exploring scientific answers/explanations Research should aim to � Enhance ecological balance � Enhance quality of life on the earth Research is based on sound principles, instruments, models
International scenario: A Glimpse • High dB MEMS and NEMS • Synchrotron-tomography • Sampling phased array (enhanced SAFT & TOFD) • Positron annihilation measurements • Acoustic microscopy • High temperature characterization of materials – ultrasonics & acoustic emission • Sub-surface / remote NDE (GPR, GMR, GMI) • Nano structures, Bio materials and Smart materials • Terahertz imaging • Multi-Sensor networks • Knowledge Management
Frontiers of Research in NDE Futuristic pro-active research / solution/ realisation New Designs, Measuring the Innovative Concepts, Immeasurable Materials, Theories, earlier Instruments, Insights Sensors Continuing education Training & certification Issues: Cost Efficiency Reliability Robustness Relevance Experience Knowledge Management Standards Acceptance
Frontiers of Research � Create revolutionary designs / concepts/ materials/ technologies/ devices that change the face of life � Think unthinkable/ impossibilities/ un-measurable � Undertake futuristic pro-active research for the betterment of mankind � Realisation of the imaginations/ understandings � Aiming solution to mysteries, miseries & calamities � Enhance synergy across disciplines and diverse societies
Frontier Research Dimensional Space MICROSTRUCTURE / DEFECT -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 10 10 10 10 10 [m] 1 μ m 100 μ 1A 100A m 10mm Nano Micro Meso Macro
Plethora of NDE Techniques NDT TECHNIQUES -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 10 10 10 10 10 [m] 1 μ m 100 μ 1A 100A m 10mm Nano Micro Meso Macro
Role of Cross Domain Research In general, research is focused in one domain, which has limited applicability. But, by comprehending across domains and performing measurements with good correlations, better success and recognition is possible Demonstrative examples include – NDE of dislocation dynamics/ Grain boundaries / precipitates – NDE for yield strength, fracture toughness, ductile-to- brittle-transition temperature – Multi-sensor Data Fusion (sensors, signal & image processing)
Example: Dislocation Dynamics A few relevant NDE Techniques • Magnetic Barkhausen emission • Acoustic Emission • Ultrasonics • Infrared Thermography • Positron Annihilation etc. Each Technique gives different information and limited understanding. Comprehensive understanding is possible by � Sensing with feedback � Use of integrated sensors � Data Fusion
Multi-sensor Networks: Data Fusion The success of medical NDE can be attributed to the single- component i.e. human body, as compared to engineering components comprising of many – materials – processes – types of defects A few diagnostic checks reveal overall health e.g. MRI measurements at tissue level - gross output is understanding Directed research with mega funding has enabled solutions to challenging diagnostic problems. Suggested Parallel Approach for Engineering For engineering components, multi-sensor networks obtaining NDE data on components from atoms, dislocations, grain boundaries, welds etc. and employing Data Fusion are expected to enable continuous monitoring & assessment of structural integrity
Enrichment of Frontiers of Research � Stay competitive in domains to meet the challenges with confidence � Frontiers of research should take cognizance of technology forecasts � Attract young researchers � Formulate research problems in discussion with industry � Encourage multi-disciplinary and multi- society research
Role of Communication in Frontier Research A strong need exists to establish and maintain good communication with � Industry � Young � Educationalists � Policy makers � Society � Media
Frontiers of Research: Our Approach � Formulate applied research problems on known themes & directions – Road less traveled � Explore interdisciplinary and cross-country perspectives, preferably international � Publish monographs and books with inspiring status articles and perspectives � Define proposals under the working groups on educational & research, ICNDT, World Federation of NDE Centers and others � To present and share the excitement of successes and lessons learnt from failures
Indian Approach
THREE STAGE NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAM THREE STAGE NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAM 95 89 90 86 84 84 90 (% ) -----> 85 79 85 80 A vailab ility/C ap acity F actor 82 75 72 80 75 69 75 70 71 65 67 60 60 55 50 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 Stage Stage – – I PHWRs I PHWRs Stage - - II II Stage - - III III Stage Stage • 15 15- - Operating Operating Thorium Based Reactors Thorium Based Reactors • Fast Breeder Reactors Fast Breeder Reactors • 5 5 - - Under construction Under construction • • 30 kWth KAMINI 30 kWth KAMINI- - Operating Operating • 40 MWth FBTR 40 MWth FBTR - - • • • Several others planned Several others planned • Operating Operating • Scaling to 700 MWe Scaling to 700 MWe • • 300 MWe AHWR 300 MWe AHWR- - Under Under • Technology Objectives Technology Objectives • Gestation period Gestation period Regulatory Examination Regulatory Examination • realised realised being reduced being reduced ≅ Very POWER POTENTIAL ≅ • POWER POTENTIAL Very • • 500 MWe PFBR 500 MWe PFBR- - POWER POTENTIAL ≅ ≅ • POWER POTENTIAL • • Large. Availability of ADS Large. Availability of ADS construction commenced 10,000 MWe construction commenced 10,000 MWe can enable early can enable early LWRs LWRs introduction of Thorium on introduction of Thorium on ≅ POWER POTENTIAL ≅ • POWER POTENTIAL • • 2 BWRs Operating 2 BWRs Operating • a large scale a large scale 540,000 MWe 540,000 MWe • 2 VVERs under 2 VVERs under • construction construction
Indian Energy Growth Scenario June 2006 2052 � Electricity Generation (GWe) 126.09 ~ 1344 � Nuclear Energy Share (GWe) 3.90 ~ 275 � PHWR (GWe) 3.58 ~ 0 � Faster Growth is needed to reach the target � FBR with Closed Fuel Cycle is inevitable Resource Potential 6000 Th-FBR 5305 P e r C a p ita G e n e ra tio n (k W h ) 5000 3699 4000 2454 3000 1620 2000 1000 613 1000 U-FBR COAL 0 U-PHWR 2002 2012 2022 2032 2042 2052 OIL GAS Time period HYDRO
Indices of socioeconomic 12000 development like literacy, longevity, GDP and human development (Per capita energy consumption) kWh/a 6000 0 India’s Energy 0 2 Resources (BTCE) 660 2 WORLD NORTH WESTERN INDIA EUROPE AVERAGE AMERICA India’s Nuclear Energy Nuclear Reactors in the World
Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research MISSION To conduct a broad-based multidisciplinary programme of scientific research & advanced engineering development, directed towards establishing Sodium Cooled Fast Breeder Reactors (FBR) in the country. Technology to close the fuel cycle in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner. Education, training and human resources development for building scientific excellence in the country. VISION Global leadership in FBR science and technology by 2020
Smart materials & Quality Sensors In-service Assurance Inspection Multi- disciplinary Material Robotic Research at Characteri- devices zation IGCAR Clinical Life Diagnostics Management Conservation of Cultural Heritage
NDE Science & Technology CENTRE - IGCAR FOR EXCELL- Field Implementation ENCE SYSTEMATIC EXPERIMENTATION Instrumentation& Sensors Personnel Training Validation Understanding Material Degradation Successful VISION Multi-disciplinary Professionals Flight to Modeling & Software DEDICATION � Excellence Identifying Critical Areas � Robustness 1980’s � Success
Centre of Excellence in NDE Accomplishments • Wide spectrum of NDE techniques under single-roof • 500 publications in peer reviewed journals • 15 patents • 20 books Professional � Leadership in area of NDE � Responsible for nurturing NDE Centers at IIT (Chennai, Kanpur) and NML (Jamshedpur) � Evolved cutting-edge technologies for solving challenging NDE problems in strategic and core sectors International Linkages � Fraunhofer Institute of NDT (IZFP), Saarbruecken � BAM, Berlin � CNDE, Iowa State University, USA � Michigan State University, USA � Huddersfield University, UK � University of Cardiff, UK
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