,&/+)4%F1%K(++&% E(/.0')/%)-%LG;9%M/)?/&N4% - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

,&/+)4%F1%K(++&% E(/.0')/%)-%LG;9%M/)?/&N4% !&'()*&+%>(?=%6&?*.'(0%@(.+A%2&B)/&')/C% % % #=(4%8/.4.*'&'()*%(4%&O&(+&B+.%')%A)P*+)&A%&'Q% =''84QDD*&'()*&+N&?+&B1)/?D.A30&'()*D%% % !"#$%!&'()*&+%,)*-./.*0.% % "'1%2)3(45%67% #=.%!&'()*&+%>(?=%6&?*.'(0%@(.+A%2&B)/&')/C%(4%4388)/'.A%BC%!&'()*&+%"0(.*0.%@)3*A&'()*% $8/(+%9:;<% '=/)3?=%!"@DE6FG;HIIJJ<%&*A%'=.%"'&'.%)-%@+)/(A&1%

!&'()*&+%6&?2&B% • ! 7*.%)-%J%=(?=%N&?*.'(0%-(.+A%+&B4%(*%'=.%P)/+A% • ! 7*+C%)*.%(*%P.4'./*%=.N(48=./.% • ! 2&/?.4'%&*A%=(?=.4'%8)P./.A%(*%'=.%P)/+A%

!&'()*&+%6&?2&B% • ! R4./%+&B)/&')/C% • ! 7O./%;H;S%34./%O(4('4%T9:;HU% • ! !"@%V%"'&'.%)-%@+)/(A&%-3*A.A% • ! F.4.&/0=%-/..%')%40(.*'(4'% • ! 634'%4=&/.%/.4.&/0=% • ! F.4.&/0=%(*%N&*C%-(.+A4%T!)'%% • ! % W34'%N&?*.'4XXU% • ! 6&'./(&+4%Y%Z*./?C%G%2(-.% • ! [*0+3A.4%N&'./(&+4%40(.*0.5%8=C4(045%.*?(*../(*?5% 0=.N(4'/C5%B()+)?C5%B()N.A(0&+5%?.)0=.N(4'/C5% N(0/)40)8C5%.'0\%

6&?2&B%)*%")0(&+%6.A(&% • ! @&0.B))]Q% • ! -&0.B))]10)ND!&'()*&+6&?2&BD% • ! ^)3#3B.Q% • ! C)3'3B.10)ND34./D*=N-+D-.&'3/.A% • ! #P(''./Q% • ! _!&'()*&+6&?2&B% • ! [*4'&?/&NQ% • ! _*&'()*&+N&?+&B%

,.*'./%-)/%[*'.?/&'(*?%F.4.&/0=%V%2.&/*(*?% • ! ZA30&'()*&+%0)N8)*.*'%)-%!>6@2`4%?/&*'% • ! FZ#%8/)?/&N4%TN)/.%)*%'=&'%+&'./\U% • ! LG;9%.A30&'()*%)3'/.&0=% • ! a5:::%4'3A.*'4%O(4('.A%'=(4%40=))+%C.&/% • ! M/)-.44()*&+%A.O.+)8N.*'% • ! b)/]4=)84%&*A%0)*-./.*0.4% • ! ,[F2%)*%@&0.B))]%

A"B$#)*%+")&C%5D'($,C,&CE$D'FG7#C+D'' 4%+'H"I,$+'345%$&,' ($)*#+,'12$%' !"##$%&'($)*#+,' 345647'14,' 100 -.-/ %6&?2&B%"=)/'%M3+4. % )#$4&$+'8-99.:' 90 80 70 Magnetic Field (T) 0./' 6&?2&B%2)*?% M3+4.% % 0</' 6[# % 60 ;./' $N4'./A&N % ;?/' 6&?2&B%>CB/(A% 50 ;-@;/' 6&?2&B%F.4(4'(O.%% =-/' c/.*)B+. % 40 =0/ %6&?2&B%"./(.4% ,)**.0'.A%>CB/(A % 30 =>/ %%6&?2&B%>#" % >;/' c/.*)B+. % 20 >-/' 6&?2&B%<::%6>d% -</' [c,5%[*01 % "38./0)*A30'(*? % 10 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Year 345647'($)*#+, %

6&?*.'%F.O(.P% • ! c&344% • ! 6.&43/.N.*'%)-%N&?*.'(0% -(.+A% • ! !&N.A%-)/%,&/+%@/(.A/(0=% c&344% • ! #.4+&% • ! 6.&43/.N.*'%)-%+&/?./% N&?*.'(0%-(.+A4% • ! !&N.A%-)/%!(])+&%#.4+&% • ! ;:5:::%c&344%e%;%#.4+&%

")N.%6&?*.'(0%@(.+A4%T[*%#.4+&U% • ! F.-/(?./&')/%N&?*.'Q%% 1:g%#% • ! Z&/'=`4%N&?*.'(0%-(.+AQ% 1::::IS%#% • ! M./4)*`4%N&?*.'(0%-(.+AQ% g%h;: G;g %#% • ! f3*]C&/A%N&?*.'Q% ;%#% • ! 6F[%N&?*.'Q% 9Gg%#%

")N.%!>6@2%6&?*.'(0%@(.+A4% • ! [,F%N&?*.'Q% 9;%#% [)*%,C0+)'/)*%F.4)*&*0.% % • ! • ! <::%6=d%!6F% 9;%#% !30+.&/%6&?*.'(0%F.4)*&*0.% % • ! • ! #C8(0&+%/.4(4'(O.%N&?*.'% 9:GI:%#% • ! "8+('%0.++%% 9S%#% • ! b)/+A%/.0)/A%P&'./%0))+.A%E,%N&?*.'% I;1S%#% • ! >CB/(A%N&?*.'%Tgg%6bU% IS%#% F.4(4'(O.%&*A%438./0)*A30'(*?% % • ! • ! "./(.4%,)**.0'.A%>CB/(A%T;I%6bU% gS%#% ;1S%c=d%!6F% % • ! • ! !>6@2%83+4.%N&?*.'% ;::1J%#% !)'%0)*'(*3)34%-(.+A% • !

;9H<Q%M.'/34%M./.?/(*34%A.%6&/(0)3/'% • ! Z8(4')+&%A.%N&?*.'.% • ! M&/'%;%A(40344.4%'=.%8=C4(0&+%T*)'%)003+'U%8/)8./'(.4% )-%N&?*.'4% • ! 6&?*.'(0%-(.+A4%0&*%&0'%&'%&%A(4'&*0.% • ! 6&?*.'4%0&*%)*+C%&0'%)*%)'=./%N&?*.'(0%N&'./(&+4% • ! 788)4('.%8)+.4%&''/&0'%&*A%+(].%8)+.4%/.8.+% • ! b=.*%4348.*A.A5%*)/'=%8)+.4%8)(*'%!)/'=%&*A%4)3'=% 8)+.4%8)(*'%")3'=1% • ! M&/'%9%A(40344.4%'=.%34.%)-%N&?*.'4%(*%A.O(0.4% b.'%&*A%A/C%0)N8&44% • !

;H::Q%b(++(&N%c(+B./'% • ! M3B+(4=.A%E.%6&?*.'.% • ! Z&/'=%(4%&%N&?*.'% • ! @(/4'%0/('(0&+%/.4.&/0=% )*%N&?*.'4% • ! R4.A%+)A.4')*.% • ! E(48.++.A%438./4'('()*4% &*A%NC'=4%

;a9:Q%>&*4%,=/(4'(&*%i/4'.A% • ! $*%.+.0'/(0&+%03//.*'% 0&*%0/.&'.%&%N&?*.'(0% -(.+A% • ! 7./4'.A%4.'%38%+.0'3/.% A.N)*4'/&'()*% • ! R4.A%B&''./C%')%4388+C% 03//.*'% • ! "=)P.A%0)N8&44% *..A+.%A.-+.0'(*?%*.&/% '=.%P(/.%

;a9:Q%%$*A/jG6&/(.%$N8k/.% • ! 6)O(*?%.+.0'/(0&+%0=&/?.4%8/)A30.%N&?*.'(0% -(.+A4% • ! "(N8+.%.h8./(N.*'% • ! #P)%4'/&(?='%P(/.4%P('=%03//.*'%8&44.A%'=/)3?=% • ! b(/.4%B)P.A%')P&/A%)/%&P&C% • ! 2.A%')%.+.0'/)N&?*.'4%

;a9IQ%b(++(&N%"'3/?.)*% • ! @(/4'%.+.0'/)N&?*.'% • ! ,3/O.A%(/)*%/)A% • ! l&/.%0)88./%P(/.% • ! Z+.0'/(0('C% • ! ;a%')'&+%'3/*4%)-%P(/.% • ! 2(-'.A%<%8)3*A4% • ! 6&?*.'%P.(?=.A%J% )3*0.4%

;a9JQ%f)4.8=%>.*/C% • ! [N8/)O.A%'=.%.+.0'/)N&?*.'% • ! 2&/?./%(/)*%/)A% • ! ,)88./%P(/.% • ! [*43+&'.A%P('=%4(+]% • ! Z+.0'/(0('C% • ! $*%.+.0'/)N&?*.'%34(*?%'P)% .+.0'/)A.4%&''&0=.A%')%&% B&''./C5%B.4'%')%P(*A%0)(+4%)-% P(/.%(*%8&/&++.+% • ! l3'%&*%.+.0'/)N&?*.'%34(*?% P('=%N3+'(8+.%B&''./(.45% 4=)3+A%34.%)*+C%)*.%4(*?+.% 0)(+%

;ag;Q%6(0=&.+%@&/&A&C% • ! b/&88.A%P(/.4%&/)3*A%)88)4('.%4(A.4%)-%&*%(/)*%/(*?%% • ! ,=&*?.%(*%N&?*.'(0%-(.+A%8/)A30.4%&*%.+.0'/(0%03//.*'% • ! [*A30'()*% • ! 6&?*.'(0%@+3hQ%#=.%0=&*?.%*..A.A%')%(*A30.%03//.*'% • ! 6)O.%&%N&?*.'%(*%&*A%)3'%)-%&%0)(+%)-%P(/.4% • ! 7/(?(*&++C%/.W.0'.AQ%!)'%-)/N3+&'.A%N&'=.N&'(0&++C% • ! f&N.4%,+./]%6&hP.++%T;aH9UQ%6&hP.++G@&/&A&C%.m3&'()*%

;agIQ%ZN(+%2.*d% • ! 2.*d`4%2&PQ%$*%(*A30.A% 03//.*'%(*%&%P(/.%TBC%-+3hU% P(++%-+)P%')%0/.&'.%&%-(.+A% '=&'%)88)4.4%'=.%-+3h% • ! ZAAC%03//.*'4%0/.&'.A% • ! R4.A%(*%N&?*.'(0%B/&](*?% 4C4'.N4% • ! F)++./0)&4'./4% • ! Z+.0'/(0%0&/%B/&](*?%-..AB&0]%

1900: Free Electron Theory • Electrical conduction in a solid is caused by the bulk motion of electrons • Each metal atom contributes an electron that is free to roam • Voltage briefly accelerates the electrons • Resistance is friction • Electrons don’t actually move down the wire • The charge moves • Like a wave in a pool

;<::Q%"38./0)*A30')/4% #/&A('()*&+%6.'&+% F.4(4'&*0.% "38./0)*A30')/% # 0% :%L.+O(* % #.N8./&'3/.%

;<SJQ%l,"%#=.)/C% • ! l,"Q%l&/A..*5%,))8./5%"0=/.(--./% • ! $'%+)P%'.N8./&'3/.45%4)N.%N.'&+4%+)4.% /.4(4'&*0.% • ! $')N4%*.&/+C%4'&'()*&/C% • ! "38./0)*A30'(O('C%/.43+'4%-/)N%'=.%-)/N&'()*% )-%,))8./%8&(/4% • ! #P)%.+.0'/)*4%8&/'*./.A% F.4(4'&*0.% • ! 7*.%-)++)P4%'=.%)'=./% #/&A('()*&+%6.'&+% • ! F.43+'4%(*%-/(0'()*+.44% "38./0)*A30')/ % -+)P%)-%.+.0'/)*4% # 0% :%L.+O(* % #.N8./&'3/.%

6&?*.'4% • ! $++%N&?*.'4%=&O.%8)+.4% • ! !)/'=%V%")3'=% • ! 788)4('.4%&''/&0'n%2(].%/.8.+4% • ! l3'%*)'%/.&++CQ%6&?*.'(0%N)*)8)+.% • ! F.4.&/0=%)*?)(*?\% • ! $++%N&?*.'4%=&O.%N&?*.'(0%-(.+A4% • ! 6&?*.'(0%-(.+A%(4%&%O.0')/%-(.+A% • ! >&4%A(/.0'()*%&*A%N&?*('3A. %

6&?*.'(0%@(.+A4% 6&?*.'4%F.8.+% 6&?*.'4%$''/&0'%

6&?*.'(0%@(.+A4% • ! 6&?*.'(0%-(.+A4%(*O(4(B+.%')%=3N&*4% • ! 6&*C%&*(N&+4%0&*%4.*4.%N&?*.'(4N% • ! ".&%'3/'+.4% • ! 6(?/&')/C%B(/A4% • ! "=&/]4% • ! F&/.%&*(N&+4%0&*%4..%N&?*.'(4N% • ! F)B(*4% • ! 7/&*?3'&*4% • ! @&N(+C%,&*(A&.% • ! b)+O.45%-)h.45%0)C)'.45%A)?4 %

6&?*.'(0%6&'./(&+4% • ! g%N.'&+4%&/.%*&'3/&++C% N&?*.'(0%&'%/))N% '.N8./&'3/.% • ! [/)*% • ! !(0].+% • ! ,)B&+'% • ! #P)%N)/.%&/.%N&?*.'(0%&'% +)P./%'.N8./&'3/.4% • ! c&A)+(*(3N%THS%@%&*A%B.+)PU% • ! EC48/)4(3N%TGg:;%@%&*A%B.+)PU% • ! 6&*C%&/.%N&?*.'(0%&4%&++)C4% • ! F&/.GZ&/'=%

6&?*.'('.%V%2)A.4')*.% • ! 6&?*.'(0%N(*./&+% • ! [/)*%T[[5%[[[U%7h(A.% • ! @. g 7 I% • ! M))/%'.N8)/&/C%N&?*.'% • ! 2&/?.4'%R"%A.8)4('%(*%!^% T$A(/)*A&0]4U% • ! 2)A.4')*.%(4%N&?*.'(d.A%8(.0.%)-% N&?*.'('.% • ! 2)A.4')*.%+.A%')%-(/4'%0)N8&44 %

M./N&*.*'%V%#.N8)/&/C%6&?*.'4% • ! M./N&*.*'%N&?*.'4Q%% !"#$%& %&+P&C4%]..8%'=.(/%-(.+A% • ! @(.+A4%0&*%B.%+)4'% • ! ,3/(.%8)(*'%T>.&'U% • ! Z+.0'/(0%03//.*'%TE.?&344U% • ! >(''(*?%('%Tl+3*'%-)/0.U% • ! #.N8)/&/C%N&?*.'4Q%b(++%]..8%N&?*.'(0%-(.+A%3*'(+% '&N8./.A%P('=% • ! Zh&N8+.4Q%M&8./0+(845%40(44)/45%4'&8+.45%'=3NB%'&0]45%8(*45% 40/.PA/(O./45%/.-/(?./&')/%A))/5%0&/%A))/45%.'0\% • ! $*C'=(*?%'=&'%(4%N&?*.'(05%B3'%P(++%*)'%]..8%('4%-(.+A%