FRAMING THE IMMIGRATION DEBATE Ale xandr a Pie r os Shie lds, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

FRAMING THE IMMIGRATION DEBATE

Ale xandr a Piñe r

• s Shie lds, Ph.D.

E sse x County Community Or ganization & Br ande is Unive r sity

Would you happily or willingly le ave your c ountr y without knowing if you would e ve r se e your family and fr ie nds again?

Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

T ha t’ s wha t immig ra nts do ! Just like o ur a nc e sto rs, pe o ple mig ra te he re o ut o f de spe ra tio n. Mo st o f the time , the y ha ve no o the r c ho ic e …

Ale xa nd ra Piñe ro s Shie ld s, Ph.D.

Cause s of Migr ation

Ale xa nd ra Piñe ro s Shie ld s, Ph.D.

Mig ra tion a s the Re sult of Wa rs

Major migr ation flows have followe d afte r all our militar y inte r ve ntions of the last c e ntur y and a half

• World Wa rs
• Kore a
• Vie tna m
• Cold Wa r
• Ce ntra l Ame ric a
• Middle E

a st

• Whose ne xt?

Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

Mig ra tion a s a Re sult of E c onomic Inte rve ntions

Po sitive c o rre la tio n b e twe e n U.S. inve stme nt pa tte rns a nd mig ra tio n flo ws

INVE ST ME NT = IMMGRAT ION

Po sitive c o rre la tio n b e twe e n F re e T ra de Ag re e me nts a nd mig ra tio n flo ws

F RE E T RADE = IMMGRAT ION

y

Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

Migr ation as a Global L abor Supply Syste m

Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

Global North Global South Labor Supply

Labor

Demand

POL ICIE S T HAT CRIMINAL IZE D IMMIGRANT S

Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

• Be ing Undo c ume nte d:
• No t a c rimina l OR c ivil

vio la tio n

• I

t is a n ADMI NI ST RAT I VE VI OL AT I ON

Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

L e t’s se e how e ac h br anc h of gove r nme nt has molde d our immigr ation polic ie s

Ale xa nd ra Piñe ro s Shie ld s, Ph.D.

E xe c utive Br anc h

Ale xa nd ra Piñe ro s Shie ld s, Ph.D.

L e t’s look at whe r e the Immigr ation Offic e was loc ate d within the E xe c utive Br anc h Bur e auc r ac y ove r time

Ale xa nd ra Piñe ro s Shie ld s, Ph.D.

1924

@ Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

1924 Department of Labor

@ Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

Department of Labor WORKERS 1924

@ Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

In 1924

the U.S. Go ve rnme nt unde rsto o d a nd la b e le d immig ra nts a s

wor ke r s

Ale xa nd ra Piñe ro s Shie ld s, Ph.D.

1940

@ Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D. .

1940 Department of Justice

@ Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

1940 Department of Justice CRIMINALS

@ Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

In 1940

the U.S. Go ve rnme nt unde rsto o d a nd la b e le d immig ra nts a s

c r iminals

Ale xa nd ra Piñe ro s Shie ld s, Ph.D.

2003

@ Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

2003 Department of Homeland Security

@ Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D. .

2003 Department of Homeland Security TERRORISTS

@ Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D. .

In 2003

the U.S. Go ve rnme nt unde rsto o d a nd la b e le d immig ra nts a t

te r r

• r

ists

Ale xa nd ra Piñe ro s Shie ld s, Ph.D.

Bureaucratic Position of the Immigration Office

@ Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

Department of Labor WORKERS 1924 1940 Department of Justice CRIMINALS 2003 Department of Homeland Security TERRORISTS

2003

ICE

• Immigr

ation & Customs E nfor c e me nt De pt. of Home land Se c ur ity

(Bush)

• Se pa ra te d se rvic e s (CI

S – fo rma lly I NS) fro m e nfo rc e me nt (I CE )

• I

nc re a se d the de te ntio n syste m

• Cre a te d a la rg e r e nforc e me nt syste m

tha n a ll othe r la w e nforc e me nt put tog e the r

Ale xa nd ra Piñe ro s Shie ld s, Ph.D.

L e gislative Br anc h

Ale xa nd ra Piñe ro s Shie ld s, Ph.D.

1986

Immigr ation Re for m & Contr

• l Ac t

(Re agan)

• E

mploye r Sanc tions

• Amne sty - L

e galization for Undoc ume nte d Immigr ants

Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

1996

Ille gal Immigr ation & Immigr ant Re sponsibility Ac t (Clinton)

• Cre a te d a re tro -a c tive do ub le

sta nda rd in the c rimina l c o de fo r immig ra nts

• Allowe d for the imprisonme nt of

undoc ume nte d immig ra nts

• Crimina lize d b e ing a n immig ra nt

Ale xa nd ra Piñe ro s Shie ld s, Ph.D.

• Be ing Undo c ume nte d:
• No t a c rimina l OR c ivil

vio la tio n

• I

t is a n ADMI NI ST RAT I VE VI OL AT I ON

Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

Judic ial Br anc h

Ale xa nd ra Piñe ro s Shie ld s, Ph.D.

Plenary Power Doctrine

• 1889 - U.S. Supr

e me Cour t UPHE L D the Chine se E xc lusion Ac t e ve n though it disc r iminate d on the base s of national or igin

• Supr

e me Cour t applie d the Ple nar y Powe r Doc tr ine to justify the disc r imination whic h is unc onstitutional

• Give s the le gislative and e xe c utive br

anc he s sole powe r

• ve r

who is admitte d and who is e xc lude d fr

• m e nte r

ing the U.S.

• E

xe mpts the laws that r e gulate immigr ation fr

• m judic ial r

e vie w. In

• the r

wor ds, laws that r e gulate immigr ation c an violate c onstitutional r

• ights. T

he y c an disc r iminate on the basis of r ac e , e thnic ity, r e ligion,

• r

ge nde r and c our ts c an r e fuse to pr

• vide judic ial sc r

utiny.

• A le gal doc tr

ine that is be ing slowly applie d to immigr ants le gally admitte d into the U.S.

Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

The Business of Detention

32,800 immig ra nt

de ta ine e s

So urc e - Na tio na l Immig ra tio n F

• rum – Aug ust 2012

Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

X $164 pe r

nig ht

pe r immig ra nt de ta ine e

So urc e - Na tio na l Immig ra tio n F

• rum – Aug ust 2012

Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

= $5.4 Millio n

pe r nig ht

• r $1.9 Billio n

pe r ye a r

So urc e - Na tio na l Immig ra tio n F

• rum – Aug ust 2012

Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

Deaths at the Border

Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

Since the NAFTA - 1994

• 7,000 pe o ple ha ve die d

c ro ssing the b o rde r

• Appro xima te ly 500,000 pe o ple

ha ve e nte re d the U.S. ille g a lly pe r ye a r

• Howe ve r, b e twe e n 1990–1994,

a to ta l o f a ha lf a millio n e nte re d ille g a lly

Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

Co ntra ry to po pula r o pinio n,

• Ove r 80% o f fa milie s ha ve mixe d sta tus,
• ne pe rso n ma y b e a g re e n c a rd

ho lde r o r U.S. c itize n a nd a no the r ma y b e undo c ume nte d

• Undo c ume nte d pe o ple pa y ta xe s. T

he 1912 Re ve nue Ac t sta te s tha t e ve ry pe rso n living in the U.S., whe the r the y a re do c ume nte d o r no t, a re re q uire d to pa y inc o me ta x

Ale xa nd ra Piñe ro s Shie ld s, Ph.D.

TAXING THE UNDOCUMENTED

One e xa mple So c ia l Se c urity T a xe s Co lle c te d

• $13 Billion c o lle c te d e ve ry ye a r

fro m undo c ume nte d immig ra nts

• $100 Billion pa id to the SSA b y

undo c ume nte d immig ra nts o ve r the pa st de c a de

Ste phe n Go ss, the c hie f a c tua ry o f the So c ia l Se c urity Administra tio n. 2014

Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

Impact of Criminalizing Policies

T E AR F AMIL IE S APART & DISRE GARD HUMAN L IF E

• 3,162,844 de po rta tio n (unde r Ob a ma )
• 5.3 million c hildre n live in the U.S. with
• ne o r mo re undo c ume nte d pa re nts
• F

rom 2014-16, % of all de portations:

• 19.8% viole nt or

pote ntially viole nt c r iminal c onvic tion

• 21.2% nonviole nt c r

iminal c onvic tion

• 18.7% immigr

ation administr ative violation

• 10.4% no violation (DHS d a ta – 2017)

Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

“NO HUMAN BE ING IS IL L E GAL ”

E L I E WI E SE L NOBE L PE ACE PRI ZE

Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.