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Oct 13, 2023 259 likes •724 views

framing Evoked vs. invoked frames: Words evoke frames by being strongly associated with particular categories of interaction Frames are evoked as words are comprehended Invoked frames interpreter assigns coherence to a scene by

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framing

Evoked vs. invoked frames:

Words evoke frames by being strongly

associated with particular categories of interaction

  • Frames are evoked as words are comprehended

Invoked frames – interpreter assigns

coherence to a scene by invoking a particular interpretive frame

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framing

Evoking frames

Evoking frame aids in interpreting an expression.

  • Good pen vs. good movie
  • Imitation leather vs. imitation coffee
  • He walked to the bank and took a swim
  • He walked to the bank and made a deposit

Constructions are a kind of frame too. Garden path sentences cause confusion by changing

constructional frames

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framing

The

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The cotton

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The cotton clothing

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The cotton clothing is

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The cotton clothing is made

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The cotton clothing is made of

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The cotton clothing is made of grows

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The cotton clothing is made of grows in Mississippi.

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Mary

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Mary gave

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framing

Mary gave the

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Mary gave the child

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Mary gave the child the

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Mary gave the child the dog

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Mary gave the child the dog bit

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Mary gave the child the dog bit a bandaid.

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Frame evoked is reinforced by vocabulary, construction

type, familiar sequences.

Word sequences

  • The United States of _______.

Event sequences (scripts)

  • I really like you but, _______.
  • He pushed against the door. The room was empty.
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framing

Invoking frames

Japanese letter (Fillmore)

  • Letter begins with story about fallen leaves on the patio
  • Reader can invoke a letter writing frame to make sense of

this

  • Frame is invoked through

Your “hello” is met with silence

  • Could interpret as distractedness or rudeness
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framing

Media, Politics frame the news

Selecting particular events for coverage Controlling salience of event Inducing comprehender to invoke a particular frame in

interpreting news events

  • U.S. involvement in Iraq
  • Helping people escape bad rule is praiseworthy and heroic
  • Aggressing against a nation who has not threatened you is

wrong.

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framing

Word to frame relationship is flexible and

changing.

Reframing lexical items

  • Man/boy vs. Woman/girl

Relexicalizing unchanged frames

  • He saw an African American leaving the

premises

  • “Suspect still at large in Spring Break

Assault”

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Construal

Construal (Langacker)

“An expression’s meaning consists not just in the conceptual content it evokes, but how that content is construed”

perceptual correlate: physical scene must be viewed

from some location which imposes a particular perspective, various aspects of scene may be attended to and others in the background

Speaker invokes frame in comprehending a scene and

chooses words that help listener evoke the right frame

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Construal

Dimensions of Construal (Langacker)

Specificity Focusing Prominence Perspective Dynamicity

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Construal

Specificity

Events and objects must be categorized. Recurrence of similar events schematization

  • Lexical items are associated with representations of
  • bject/event categories (schemas)
  • Constructions –correspond to basic event types like

movement, causation, giving, etc.

Category structure is hierarchical

  • Same object can be categorized at different levels
  • Can you hand me that thing/tool/hammer/claw hammer?
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Construal

Specificity

Level of precision and detail at which a situation is

characterized.

Contrasts with schematicity.

The Boston Marathon was held yesterday. 95.2 degrees There was a race going on. Around 95 degrees People were running. In the 90s Something happened. Hot

schematic specific

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Construal

Focus

Linguistic expressions induce us to evoke

particular portions of our conceptual universe

Selection of content Background/foreground alignment

  • Composition (constituency)
  • Scope
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Construal

Background/foreground alignment

What aspects of a conceived scene are salient, what

aspects are present but not in focus?

Lexical items evoke frames (Fillmore) or cognitive

domains (Langacker) of varying degrees of complexity but refer to particular objects, or relationships within that background.

  • Monday, aunt, bachelor’s degree
  • Elbow, red, behind
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Construal

Composition

Linguistic expressions are often symbolically

complex. Lipstick Lip Stick

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Construal

Composite structures are composed of more

than one linguistic unit. They vary in terms of analyzability.

Analyzabilty – How well can composite meaning

be determined from component structures Lipstick Maker Lip Stick Make

  • er
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Construal

Novel expressions are highly analyzable

  • Component structures are salient because they

contribute strongly to the meaning of the composite

Lipstick maker Lipstick Maker Lip Stick Make

  • er

foreground background

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Construal

Idiomatic --> Analyzable constructions Idiosyncratic --> Predictable meaning Backgrounded --> foregrounded components

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Construal

Compositional path

A composite conception has primary salience, but it is

viewed against the background of the component semantic structures at all lower levels. The way a composite conception is built up from its parts is the compositional path.

Two means of referring to same object/event may

exist, but compositional path will create distinct differences in meaning

  • Pork vs. pig meat
  • Cousin vs. parent’s sibling’s child
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Construal

  • Anaphora
  • rphan ≈ child that lost its parents

1. The child that lost his parents misses them. 2. *The orphan misses them

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Construal

  • Scope
  • In visual terms: Visual field adjusts to encompass more
  • r less of the surrounding environment depending on

what you want are attending to.

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Construal

  • Scope
  • A linguistic expression causes us to access a

particular cognitive domains and the extent

  • f its coverage in that domain constitutes its

scope

  • Ex. elbow evokes body in general, but arm

most saliently

  • Every arm has an elbow
  • Every body has two elbows
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Construal

  • Cousin – evokes a kinship network that is

potentially infinite in scope, but some fragment is optimal for characterize meaning.

  • Compare to great great grandmother
  • Or sister, mother
  • Stumble – evokes time domain, but only a

small span of time is needed for a stumbling event

  • Compare to molt, age, evolve
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Construal

  • Immediate vs maximal scope
  • Immediate scope – portion of cognitive

domain directly relevant for characterizing the meaning of an expression

  • Maximal scope – full extent of expression’s

coverage in cognitive domain

  • Immediate scope is foregrounded relative to

the maximal scope

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Construal

  • Linguistic manifestations of scope
  • Compounds with part/whole relationship

name immediate scope level first

  • Fingertip, ear lobe, eyeball, toenail,
  • *bodytip, *face lobe, *head ball, *foot nail
  • Verbal aspect
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Construal

  • Perfective (active, punctual, telic)
  • Walk, talk, hit, give, take, eat
  • Progressive form unremarkable
  • I am walking/talking/hitting….
  • Imperfective (stative, atelic)
  • Know, believe, like, love
  • Progressive highly marked, unusual
  • I am knowing/believing/liking…
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Construal

t scope Perfective verb

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Construal

t scope

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Construal

t scope

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Construal

t scope Imperfective

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Construal

t scope Perfective verb