for Pollinators & Other Beneficials Debbie Roos North Carolina - - PDF document

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for Pollinators & Other Beneficials Debbie Roos North Carolina - - PDF document

Apr 15, 2023 473 likes •1.49k views

Native Plants for Pollinators & Other Beneficials Debbie Roos North Carolina Cooperative Extension www.carolinapollinatorgarden.org Outline Importance of Pollinators Bees as Primary Pollinators Plant Selection for Pollinators

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Native Plants for Pollinators & Other Beneficials

Debbie Roos North Carolina Cooperative Extension www.carolinapollinatorgarden.org

Outline

  • Importance of Pollinators
  • Bees as Primary Pollinators
  • Plant Selection for Pollinators
  • Best Native Plants for Pollinators
  • Virtual Tour of Pollinator Paradise

Garden

  • Web Resources
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Pollination

  • More than 80% of all

flowering plant species need the help

  • f animals to move

their heavy pollen grains from plant to plant for fertilization

  • Adequate pollination

ensures that a plant will produce full- bodied fruit and a full set of fertile seeds

Pollination

  • Worldwide, approximately

1,000 plants grown for food, beverages, fiber, spices, and medicines need to be pollinated by animals in order to produce the goods on which we depend.

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Cacao flowers are pollinated by a tiny midge

Source: www.digitalphotography.org

Coffee flowers are pollinated by bees

Photos by Debbie Roos 95% of photos taken in Chatham Mills Pollinator Garden

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Pollinators: Who’s Who Pollinators

  • Most pollinators (~ 200,000 species)

are beneficial insects such as flies, beetles, wasps, ants, butterflies, moths, and bees.

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Bumble Bee on Joe-pye Weed Hairstreak on Goldenrod

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Great black wasp on buckwheat

Monarch on Blazing Star

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Monarch on Milkweed

Female laying an egg Lady beetle larva eating monarch egg

Sulphur on Mexican Flame Vine

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Bumble Bee on Red Milkweed American Snout Butterfly

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Cecropia Caterpillar on Sassafras Hickory Horned Devil

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Tiger Swallowtails on Joe-pye Weed

Honey Bee on Silverbell

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Syrphid Fly on Mexican Sunflower

Syrphid Flies on Spiderwort

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Leafcutter Bee on Wild Indigo

Ambush Bug on Spotted Horsemint

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Purple Hairstreak on Globe Amaranth

Soldier Beetle on Blanketflower

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Black Swallowtail Caterpillars on Fennel

Flower Scarab Beetle on Barbara’s Buttons

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Pollinators

  • A small percentage of

pollinators are vertebrates such as hummingbirds, bats and small mammals.

Anole on Joe-pye Weed

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Pollinators Make Tequila!

Agave tequilana

Photo: tequilasource.com Photo: US Fish & Wildlife Service

Farmers, Gardeners, and Eaters Rely on Bees!

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Bees are the most important pollinators

Bees deliberately gather pollen to feed brood Nectar is consumed for energy & collected by honey bees & bumble bees for honey production

Sweat bee on coneflower

Scanning electron micrograph

  • f honey bee head covered with pollen
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Bees * Bees * Bees

  • Honey bees – native to Europe
  • Native bees - ~ 4,000 species of bees

native to the U.S.

  • ~ 500 native bee species in NC

Honey Bees

  • 50% decline in

managed hives since 1950

  • >70% decline in feral

colonies

  • Causes for decline:

pests, diseases, poor nutrition, weak queens, pesticides...

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Varroa Mites

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Native bees can be an insurance policy against honey bee losses

Bumble bee on downy wood mint

Native Bees are Efficient Pollinators

  • ~250 mason bees are required to pollinate an acre
  • f apples compared to two hives of honey bees
  • Many species of native bees are more active in

cold, wet conditions & low light

  • Bumble bees and other native bees practice buzz

pollination

  • Some native bees specialize in one type of flower
  • Pollen gathered by native bees is very accessible
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Native Bees

  • Most species are solitary

so not aggressive and don’t sting

  • 70% of native bees nest

in the ground

  • Most of the rest are

cavity nesters (bumble bees, leafcutter bees, mason bees, etc.)

Leafcutter bee (www.lbnature.co.uk) Bumble bee nest

Ground Nesting Mining Bees

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Also called cellophane bees

  • r polyester bees

Ground Nesting Colletid Bees Colletid Bee

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Ground-nesting Chimney Bees

Chimney Bees

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Chimney Bees

Role of Native Bees as Crop Pollinators

  • If enough natural habitat is nearby to support

them, native bees can provide much or even all the pollination services for crops

  • Over 50 species of native bees visit watermelon,

sunflower, or tomato crops in CA

  • Over 80 species of bees pollinate berry crops in MN

and MA

  • Native pollinators have been shown to nearly triple

the production of cherry tomatoes in CA

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Sweat Bee & Bumble Bee

Diversity of Native Bees

Bumble Bee

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Leafcutter Bee Leafcutter Bee Nests

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Hibiscus Bee Sweat Bee on Coneflower

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Cuckoo-leafcutter Bee

  • n Oxeye Daisy

Sunflower Bee on Blazing Star

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Carpenter Bees on Passionflower Carpenter Bee on Coneflower

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Carpenter-mimic Leafcutter Bee

  • n Butterfly Weed

Two-spotted Longhorned Bee on Zinnia

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Sweat Bee on Joe-pye Weed Sweat Bee

Bat-faced Cuphea

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So what can you do to protect and enhance pollinator populations?

Pollinators are essential components

  • f the habitats and ecosystems

that many wild animals rely on for food and shelter. As landscapes are converted from wild to managed lands, pollinator habitat is destroyed

  • r fragmented, resulting in the loss of

foraging, nesting, and/or egg-laying sites.

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Assess your Existing Bee Habitat

  • Nesting sites: ~70% of native

bees nest in the ground!

  • Forage

Adapt Existing Management Practices to Minimize Negative Impacts on Bees

  • Minimize tillage
  • Stagger planting dates to extend bloom period
  • Leave areas supporting native bees alone:

identify and protect nesting sites!

  • Minimize potential for pesticide poisoning
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Planting Bee Forage Identify Dearth Times in Bloom Calendar

  • Try and identify the dearth times in the natural bloom

calendar in your area – which bee plants are already present and when do they bloom?

  • Identify bee plants that bloom during these dearth times
  • Have plants flowering throughout the growing season,

early spring-late fall, with overlapping bloom periods

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Include Early & Late Bloomers

  • Flowers that bloom in

the very early spring provide critical resources for early emerging bees such as bumble bee queens, mining bees, mason bees...

  • Help increase

reproductive success Late blooming plants ensure bumble queens are strong going into winter hibernation

Plant Selection

  • Use mostly perennials as these tend to have richer

nectar sources and provide a dependable food source

  • Important to have a diversity of flower size, shape,

and color to attract a diversity of pollinators

  • Aim for 10-20 different species with at least three

species blooming in each season from spring-fall

  • Include native bunch grasses for nesting habitat

and larval host plants

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Plant Selection: Flower Diversity Bumble Bee

  • n Hyssop
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Plant Selection

  • Emphasize local native plants: research has

shown that native plants are 4 times more likely than non-native plants to attract native bees

  • Native plant genera support 3 times as

many species of butterflies and moths as introduced plants

  • Ex.: joe-pye weed and butterfly bush both

attract butterflies but only the native joe- pye weed supports over 3 dozen species of Lepidopterans

Direct-seeded Pollinator Meadows

  • Site selection
  • Site preparation
  • Plant selection
  • Planting techniques
  • Ongoing management

See Xerces publication Establishing Pollinator Meadows from Seed

www.xerces.org/establishing-pollinator-meadows-from-seed

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Other seed companies are linked

  • n my GSF website

Top 25 Native Pollinator Plants

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Spring Blooming

Spiderwort

reblooms in fall

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Beardtongue Beardtongue

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Wild indigo Wild indigo

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Coneflower Blanketflower

blooms spring-fall

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Stoke’s Aster

Golden Alexander

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Bee Balm

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Summer Blooming

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Blazing Star

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Mountain Mint Mountain Mint

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Butterfly Weed Swamp Milkweed

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Monarch caterpillar

  • n

Asclepias Culver’s Root

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Great Blue Lobelia Rattlesnake Master

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Rattlesnake Master Blue Vervain

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New Jersey Tea

  • St. John’s Wort
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Buttonbush Fall Blooming

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Joe-pye Weed

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Aster

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Boneset

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Goldenrod

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Ironweed

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Spotted Horsemint

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Climbing Aster Climbing Aster

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Chatham County Cooperative Extension’s Demonstration Pollinator Garden at Chatham Mills 178 Unique species… 85% native to the NC piedmont! Garden is managed organically Pollinator Paradise Garden Before

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Pollinator Paradise Garden After

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Pollinator Habitat Supports Natural Enemies

Pollinator habitat

also provides resources for beneficial insects: parasitic wasps, syrphid flies, predators, etc.…

Ambush Bug

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Lady Beetle Green Lynx Spider

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Scoliid Wasp Great Black Wasp

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Potter Wasp Sand Wasps Prey on Brown Marmorated Stink Bugs

Mountain mint provides nectar for sand wasps Brown marmorated stink bug

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Predatory Stink Bug Predatory Stink Bug

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Predatory Stink Bug Nymphs Parasitic Wasps

Aphidius wasp parasitizing aphid

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Soldier Beetle Soldier Beetles

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Praying Mantis Praying Mantis

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Carolina Mantid Egg Case Chinese Mantid Egg Case

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Assassin Bug Robber Fly

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Robber Fly Syrphid Fly

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Syrphid Fly Larvae Are Predators!

Photo: BugGuide

Wheel Bug

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Want to Learn More?

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Pollinator Paradise Garden Website

www.carolinapollinatorgarden.org

  • Slide Show of Pollinator Garden
  • List of Plants in the Garden
  • What’s in Bloom List with Photos
  • Garden Tour Schedule
  • My Top 25 Native Pollinator Plants
  • Nursery & Seed Suppliers + more!

Find Me on Social Media!

  • Lots of pollinator postings with photos

and videos

  • www.facebook.com/debbie.roos.nc
  • Instagram: Debbie.Roos
  • Twitter: @GrowSmallFarms