for Particle IDentification (PID) Junqi Xie Argonne National - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Development of Fast-timing MCP-PMT/LAPPDTM for Particle IDentification (PID)

Junqi Xie Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S Cass Ave., Argonne, IL 60439 USA

Background: Large Area Picosecond PhotoDetector (LAPPD)

▪ LAPPD is a photomultiplier based on new generation microchannel plate, reinvents photodetector using transformational technologies. ▪ Goals: low-cost, large-area (20 cm x 20 cm), picosecond-timing, mm-position ▪ Applications: picosecond timing, mm-spatial on large-area ✓ Particle physics: optical TPC, TOF, RICH ✓ Medical imaging: PET scanner, X-ray imaging devices ✓ National security: Detection of neutron and radioactive materials ▪ Status: Incom, Inc. is routinely producing standard LAPPD on a pilot production basis for test and evaluation by “Early Adopters”.

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Argonne 6 cm MCP-PMT & LAPPDTM

` Small form factor LAPPD (6 cm MCP-PMT) was produced at Argonne for R&D. Knowledges, Design and Experiences were transferred to Incom to support commercialization of 20 cm LAPPDTM R&D test bed: 6x6 cm2 Commercialization: 20x20 cm2 ➢ The Argonne 6 cm MCP-PMT and INCOM 20 cm LAPPDTM share the same MCPs and similar internal configuration and signal readout. ➢ The Argonne 6 cm MCP-PMT serves as R&D test bed for performance characterization and design optimization; INCOM 20 cm LAPPDTM is the final commercialized product. ➢ Close collaboration and communication (bi-weekly meeting, joint SBIR program), optimized configurations are directly transferred to INCOM production line for mass production.

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Argonne 6 cm × 6 cm MCP-PMT

Flexible design similar to initial LAPPD

▪ A glass bottom plate with stripline anode readout ▪ A glass side wall that is glass-frit bonded to the bottom plate ▪ A pair of MCPs (20µm pore) separated by a grid spacer. ▪ Three glass grid spacers. ▪ A glass top window with a bialkali (K, Cs) photocathode. ▪ An indium seal between the top window and the sidewall.

A very flexible platform for R&D efforts!

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Photodetector fabrication lab

Sealing chamber Scrubbing chamber Photocathode growth chamber Control panels

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Hermetic packaging

hydraulic driven platens Glass LTA MCP & Resistive Grid Spacer Stack Completed Tube

▪ Tube processing is very challenging ▪ Achieved 95% sealing yield

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Test facilities

Fermilab/JLab Test Beam Facilities Optical Table for photocathode test

ps-Laser Facility for timing characterization ANL g-2 Magnetic Field Test Facility

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Timing resolution Gain > 107

Argonne MCP-PMT (20 μm) Key performances

Spectra response Signal component 15% 0.5 ns rise time σTTS ~ 63 ps

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With the success of standard LAPPDTM commercialization Next … Application Driven Optimization EIC-PID

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Argonne 6 cm MCP-PMT in magnetic field

Internal resistor chain design Gain drops quickly 0 < B < 0.15 T Individual biased design B field tolerance 0 < B < 0.7 T IBD design with 10 μm MCPs B field tolerance 0 < B < 1.3 T

• Optimization of biased voltages for both MCPs: version 1 -> 2
• Smaller pore size MCPs: version 2 -> 3

Further improvement: reduced spacing, and even smaller pore size (6 μm) version 1: resistor chain version 2: IBD design 20 μm version 3: IBD design 10 μm

20 μm MCP

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Argonne 6 cm MCP-PMT timing resolution improvement

Rise time Timing resolution (SPE)

System: σ1 = 37.2 ps Laser jitter: σLaser = 30 ps Electronics: σEle. = 7 ps 10 μm MCP-PMT: σ ~ 20 ps

𝜏𝑁𝐷𝑄−𝑄𝑁𝑈 = 𝜏1

2 − 𝜏𝑀𝑏𝑡𝑓𝑠 2

− 𝜏𝐹𝑚𝑓.

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Suppressed back scattering signal

σTTS ~ 63 ps σTTS ~ 20 ps

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version 2 version 3

Incom 20 cm LAPPDTM in magnetic field

20 cm LAPPD in dark box

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Due to the magnetic sensitive components (Kovar nickel–cobalt ferrous alloy is used as shims in the current LAPPDTM), we can not go to high magnet field test (fear to break it). A new LAPPDTM with non-magnet components is produced and shipping to Argonne, testing is scheduled Dec 13-16. The results here demonstrate the test capability of the facility for 20 cm LAPPDTM.

Baseline LAPPDTM performance in magnetic field

Gap and MCP ΔHV dependence ➢ HV applied to all three gaps affects the gain of the LAPPD in magnetic field. ➢ HV between the photocathode and MCP1 gap has the greatest slope, indicating the strongest effect. ➢ HV applied to MCPs seems to have NO preference, equally affects the LAPPD gain. The B field tolerance can also be further enhanced by adjusting the HVs.

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Pad sizes: 2mm x 2mm 3mm x 3mm 4mm x 4mm 5mm x 5mm Spacing between pads: 0.5 mm Demountable chamber installed on the stage of Fermilab Test Beam Facility MT6.2C

Pixelated readout baseline

– without capacitive coupling

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▪ Beamline experiment preliminary results show that experimental position resolutions are close to the expected position resolutions ▪ Further R&D with capacitive coupled tile base to demonstrate signal pick up

Pixel size 2 mm x 2 mm 3 mm x 3 mm 4 mm x 4 mm σ (x)

• 1.01 mm

1.11 mm σ (y) 0.73 mm 0.93 mm 1.43 mm σ (expected) = pixel size/√12 0.6 mm 0.9 mm 1.2 mm Example correlation between the y-axis of a 3 mm x 3 mm pad and the MWPC projection

Pixelated readout baseline

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Challenging but the most promising journey …

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Other issues may need to be addressed for PID

❑ Current focus:

• Magnetic field tolerance
• Pixelated readout

QE uniformity Addressed by INCOM Lifetime Testing at Univ. Texas Rate capability … … Performance uniformity Stability (over time, temperature…) Radiation hardness After pulse

Solar blind MCP-PMT/LAPPDTM for Mu2e-II calorimeter and GHz X-ray imaging (Details in poster session)

➢ BaF2:Y fast component shows 260 ps rise time, 600 ps decay time, MCP-PMT is the

• nly PMT for such fast light detection.

➢ Slow component of BaF2 scintillation light was significantly suppressed by BaF2:Y ➢ Solar blind photocathode (Cs-Te) further suppresses the slow component, enabling

• R. Zhu, CPAD 2018

fast calorimeter. doping

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Conclusion

❑ An MCP-PMT fabrication facility was designed and built at Argonne National Laboratory, serving as a very flexible facility for MCP-PMT R&D. ❑ Knowledge and experience were shared with industry to support commercialization. ❑ LAPPD collaboration successfully commercialized the LAPPDTM. ❑ R&D on LAPPD towards particle identification application is on going, focusing on design optimization:

• Magnetic field tolerance
• Pixelated readout

❑ MCP-PMT with smaller pore size exhibits significantly improved magnetic field tolerance and timing resolution. ❑ Baseline experiment of pixelated readout shows experimental position resolution close to the expected position resolutions. ❑ Solar blind MCP-PMT/LAPPDTM for Mu2e-II calorimeter and GHz X-ray imaging was proposed, initial test was done at Argonne Advanced Photon Source (APS). ❑ Dedicated R&D efforts are critical to identify issues, and demonstrate feasible solutions via prototype devices.

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Acknowledgments

This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics, and Office of Nuclear Physics under contract number DE-AC02-06CH11357 and DE-SC0018445.

• W. Armstrong, J. Arrington, D. Blyth, K. Byrum, M. Demarteau, G. Drake, J. Elam, J. Gregar,
• K. Hafidi, M. Hattawy, S. Johnston, A. Mane, E. May, S. Magill, Z. Meziani, J. Repond,
• R. Wagner, D. Walters, L. Xia, H. Zhao

Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439

• K. Attenkofer, M. Chiu, Z. Ding, M. Gaowei, J. Sinsheimer, J. Smedley, J. Walsh

Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973

• A. Camsonne, P. Nadel-Turonski, W. Xi, Z. Zhao, C. Zorn

Jefferson Lab, Newport News, VA, 23606

• B. W. Adams, M. Aviles, T. Cremer, C. D. Ertley, M. R. Foley, C. Hamel, A. Lyashenko, M. J.

Minot, M. A. Popecki, M. E. Stochaj, W. A. Worstell Incom, Inc., Charlton, MA 01507

• J. McPhate, O. Siegmund

University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720

• A. Elagin, H. Frisch

University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637

• Y. Ilieva

University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208 And many others …

The LAPPD collaboration, The EIC PID consortium, The Argonne EIC-LDRD

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