Flight of the Three Regicides v Oliver Cromwell’s cousin, Edward Whalley v Whalley’s son-in-law, William Goffe v John Dixwell
Distribution of Religious Groups
European North American Empires: New France
French in Canada (Samuel de Champlain)
The French established forts and settlements that would become such cities as Quebec, Montreal, Detroit, Green Bay, St. Louis, Cape Girardeau, Mobile, Biloxi, Baton Rouge and New Orleans
Frontenac and Indian Allies
European North American Empires: New Spain
Jose de Galvez, 1769 Audacious Plans for “The Sacred Expedition”
Jose de Galvez’s Audacious Plan “The Sacred Expedition”
Galvez’s Failed Attempts to Recruit Howler Monkeys from Guatemala
Empires at War
European Wars in North America A Theater of the “Second Hundred Years War” v King William’s, 1688-97 v Queen Anne’s, 1701-14 v Jenkins’s Ear, 1739-48 v King George’s, 1744-48 v French & Indian, 1754-63 v The Revolution, 1775-83 v (War of 1812: 1812-1815)
Timeline of American Wars
European North American Empires v What were the consequences of these conflicts in North America? v How did the relationship between London and the colonies change over time as a result of these conflicts?
King William’s War, 1689-1697 (also called the Nine Years’ War, the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg)
Queen Anne’s War, 1702-1713 (War of the Spanish Succession)
Anglo-French War of 1754-1763 Thirteen Colonies: French & Indian War Europe: Seven Years War French Canada: War of the Conquest
The “Seven Year’s War”
“French and Indian War,” 1754-1763
Franklin’s editorial (1754) Urging unification of the colonies. 1 st political cartoon in an American paper. 1 st symbol of unified American colonies.
Benjamin Franklin and the Albany Plan of Union, 1754 v The colonies rejected it as too centralized v Board of Trade in London rejected it: union might lead to independence
Boundaries, 1754, 1763
Mercantilism and Closed Trading Empires
A “Revolution”? A War of Decolonization?
Strategy Evolved Over Time v Sought to defend cities (New York, Philadelphia) with disastrous results v Fabian Strategy: Gave up defending points, conserved army v Need naval support, allies
Franklin: Statesman v Albany Congress, 1754 v Stamp Act opponent in London, 1765- v Staten Island Peace Conference, September 11, 1776 v Departed for France in December 1776; did not return until 1785
Benjamin Franklin and William Temple Franklin
Franklin in Paris, 1776-1785 v Achieved international renown before Revolution v Intellectual peer of the 18 th century’s foremost figures v French made a fuss over him: his reputation preceded him v Adams deeply resentful
Franklin’s Strategy in France v France was key: other states would watch France v Persuade France war with Britain was in French interest: recouping lost colonies; loss of America would weaken Britain v Covert arms, financing, alliance, navies, armies
The Versailles Court of Louis XVI
Franklin’s Reception at the Court of France
Franklin vs. Adams in Paris: Franklin had a clear strategy; not clear that Adams did
Was Franklin Knocking at an Open Door in France?
Charles Gravier, Comte de Vergennes v Franklin emphasized successes, shaded defeats v Shielded French from Adams v Obtained loan after loan from an increasingly strained France v Franklin anticipated that the French desire for revenge outweighed fiscal concerns
Burgoyne Surrenders at Saratoga, October 1777
Coalition Warfare, 1778-1783 For the British, French, Spanish, Dutch, situation in the American colonies had to be weighed against numerous other factors.
What Did the Alliance Do? v French naval forces (& Spanish & Dutch) v French financing! v French ground forces v Spanish intervention v Prussian and Russian soft power
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