FASB Revenue Recognition - Deep dive into impact to private - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

FASB Revenue Recognition - Deep dive into impact to private institutions

Katie Thornton, Robb Rose

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• FASB ASU 2014-09 Revenue from Contracts

with Customers

• Retrospectively to each periods presented
• Retrospectively with cumulative effect
• Effective date
• Institutions with public bonds – July 1, 2018
• Institutions without public bonds – July 1, 2019
• Impacts
• Tuition & Housing
• Other revenues from contracts with customers

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FASB Revenue Recognition

What IS NOT included?

• Contributions
• Grants*
• Leases
• Financial instruments (investments, debt,

derivatives, etc)

• Guarantees
• Nonmonetary exchanges

*see next slide

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FASB Revenue Recognition – NOT Included

FASB proposed Accounting Standards Update (ASU) Not-for-Profit Entities (Topic 958): Clarifying the Scope and the Accounting Guidance for Contributions Received and Contributions Made

• Objective – To clarify existing guidance on

revenue recognition of grants

• Last meeting – March 2018
• Not issued as of April 13, 2018

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FASB Revenue Recognition - Grants

Diversity in practice by NFPS on:

• Issue 1: Characterizing grants and similar contracts

with government agencies and others as

• reciprocal transactions (exchanges)
• nonreciprocal transactions (contributions)
• Issue 2: Distinguishing between conditional and

restricted contributions.

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FASB Revenue Recognition - Grants

Issue 1

• Are grants really an exchange/reciprocal

service to the grantor/resource provider (federal agency)?

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FASB Revenue Recognition - Grants

Issue 1 - FASB is exploring requiring a NFP consider a grant an exchange transaction if grantor, either

• (1) directly receives goods or services of commensurate

value or

• (2) fulfills a known and explicit obligation to provide goods
• r services to others. If it is unclear whether the resource

provider is fulfilling such an obligation by means of the grant (or similar contract), that ambiguity would be indicative of a nonreciprocal transaction.

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FASB Revenue Recognition - Grants

Issue 2

• If grants are to be considered nonexchange

contributions/gifts, are the “grants” tied to a condition or a restriction?

• Condition – not recognized as revenue until condition is

met

• Restriction – fully recognized as donor restricted

revenue, released to unrestricted when restriction is met

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FASB Revenue Recognition - Grants

Issue 2 - FASB will clarify and refine guidance ASC 958- 605 by indicating that the definition of a donor-imposed condition would include the following:

• A right of return, entailing either a return of assets

transferred or a release of a promisor from its obligation to transfer assets.

• A barrier that must be overcome before the recipient is

entitled to the assets transferred or promised.

• A barrier would be described through use of indicators and

illustrative examples

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FASB Revenue Recognition - Grants

Government grant Nonexchange revenue Meets clarified criteria for conditional contribution Grant revenue continues to be recognized as expended (no change from current practice) Fails clarified criteria; restricted gift Revenue with donor restrictions recognized up front (change from current practice) 10

FASB Revenue Recognition - Grants

Likely result of FASB project

FASB Not-for-profit Advisory Committee (NAC) Met in March 2018:

• Amendments to emphasize the fact that a barrier is
• nly present, and a contribution can only be

conditional, if a donor’s/grantor’s stipulation hinders entitlement to assets

• Suggestion to include an example involving a grant

agreement that explicitly states that the metrics in the agreement are intended as guidelines, which would emphasize that the contribution is not conditional because the metrics are only guidelines, rather than requirements

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FASB Revenue Recognition - Grants

FASB Not-for-profit Advisory Committee (NAC) Met in March 2018:

• When an NFP meets a condition and a restriction

simultaneously, it would be difficult for a user of the financial statements to understand how a contribution became restricted in the first place.

• This is especially true with most federal grants, which are

likely to be considered conditional contributions (nonexchanges) rather than exchanges under the new guidance, and where this release from restrictions has not been reported in the past

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FASB Revenue Recognition - Grants

As a private institution or Foundation, what about government grants?

• Either way – it will change policy notes of the private

institution or foundation about recognition of government grants as such

• Stay tuned for more information as the FASB board

formalizes guidance

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FASB Revenue Recognition - Grants

Interim reporting (or not) – is KEY!

• Most performance obligations occur within the fiscal

year (i.e. the education and providing of housing for Fall/Winter semesters typically fall in the fiscal year of the institution)

• Summer semester will continue to be partially deferred

(no change)

• If you have GAAP interim reporting, may need to

change accounting

• Could request waiver from bank to keep reporting “as is”
• Add in caveat that the interim board reports are “Not in

accordance with GAAP”

• If you do not have GAAP interim reporting, may not

need to change accounting

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FASB Revenue Recognition – Tuition and Room & Board

Overall thoughts for tuition and room & board:

• 6/30/19 revenue will be reported net of discounts

(same!)

• 6/30/19 accounts receivable from students only

includes balances where you’ve performed the service (unpaid balances from previous Fall & Winter and the current Summer semesters) (this is the same!)

• 6/30/19 contract liability (can still call it deferred

revenue) – cash collected but have not performed service (cash for Fall semester collected before 6/30/19) (this is the same!)

• 6/30/19 refund liability – might need to be recorded if

refunds for Summer semester could be granted after 6/30/19 (this is new!)

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FASB Revenue Recognition – Tuition and Room & Board

FASB Revenue Recognition - 5 step process

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Step 1 – Identify Contracts. A contract exists when all are met:

1. The parties to the contract have approved the contract (in writing,

• rally, or in accordance with other customary business practices)

and are committed to perform their respective obligations. 2. The entity (you) can identify each party’s rights regarding the goods

• r services to be transferred.

3. The entity (you) can identify the payment terms for the goods or services to be transferred. 4. The contract has commercial substance (that is, the risk, timing, or amount of the entity’s future cash flows is expected to change as a result of the contract). 5. It is probable that the entity will collect substantially all of the consideration

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FASB Revenue Recognition – Step 1

Step 1 – Identify Contracts

• The parties to the contract have approved the

contract (in writing, orally, or in accordance with

• ther customary business practices) and are

committed to perform their respective

• bligations.

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FASB Revenue Recognition – Step 1

Tuition conclusions to be documented for Step 1 – Contract Identification:

• Describe contract with student documentation (is it

electronic? Signed by student/parent?)

• Contracts are uniform/non-negotiable and fall within the

same fiscal year as the institution (except summer semester)

• Describe nonrefundable deposits for enrollment (creating

contract liability/deferred revenue)

• How institution determines collectability – ie. when does

the institution determine a student can pay for tuition (at admission? Approval of SFA?)

• Conclusion on when a contract is created under ASC 606

(when student signs contract and student has ability to pay?)

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FASB Revenue Recognition - Tuition

Audit tests for Step 1 (Tuition):

• Obtain example student tuition contract in year of

implementation and maintain in the permanent/carryforward file and review for key items identified on previous slide (this is new!)

• In future years, we’ll inquire about significant changes to

the student tuition contract and obtain if necessary

• Inquire if any student tuition contracts are negotiated
• utside of the standard process.
• Does this happen? Manual override?

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FASB Revenue Recognition - Tuition

Step 2 – Identify the Performance Obligations

• A contract includes promises to transfer goods or

services to a customer. If those goods or services are distinct, the promises are performance obligations and are accounted for separately.

• A good or service is distinct if the customer can

benefit from the good or service on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer and the entity’s promise to transfer the good or service to the customer is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract.

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FASB Revenue Recognition – Step 2

Tuition conclusions to be documented for Step 2- Performance Obligations:

• Document that all performance obligations are

completed during the fiscal year

• Document the one performance obligation =

Delivering education services

Audit tests for Step 2 (Tuition):

• Validate that the performance obligation is singular

and will be completed with the fiscal year

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FASB Revenue Recognition - Tuition

Step 3 – Determine the transaction price

• An entity shall consider the terms of the contract

and the customary business practices to determine the transaction price. The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties. The consideration promised in a contract with a customer may include fixed amounts, variable amounts, or both.

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FASB Revenue Recognition – Step 3

Tuition conclusions to be documented for Step 3- Transaction Price:

• Transaction price is based on an annual tuition rate

schedule approved by the Board and published on the institution’s website

• Document if institution awards tuition discounts to

students, discussing if the discount is more of a financial aid scholarship or a truly discounted price (or if the same)

• Discuss awarding federal student aid
• Discuss tuition remission programs to employees
• Discuss how students (customers) have a right to
• withdrawal. Institution will assess and record refund

liability on a portfolio basis related to summer semester.

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FASB Revenue Recognition - Tuition

Audit tests for Step 3 (Tuition):

• Validate rate schedules (not new!)
• Complete substantive analytics on tuition revenue

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FASB Revenue Recognition - Tuition

Step 4 – Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations

• The objective when allocating the transaction price

is for an entity to allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation (or distinct good or service) in an amount that depicts the amount of consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring the promised goods or services to the customer

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FASB Revenue Recognition – Step 4

Tuition conclusions to be documented for Step 4- Allocation of Transaction Price:

• Not applicable for tuition – only one performance
• bligation

Audit tests for Step 4 (Tuition):

• None

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FASB Revenue Recognition - Tuition

Step 5 – Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation

• An entity shall recognize revenue when (or as) the

entity satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service to a customer

• For each performance obligation identified, an

entity needs to determine whether it satisfies the performance obligation over time or at a point in time

• Derecognize contract liability

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FASB Revenue Recognition – Step 5

Tuition conclusions to be documented for Step 5- Revenue Recognition (over time or point in time):

• Document that all performance obligations are

satisfied within one year, therefore recognition over time or point in time is not a risk

• For summer semester,
• Document conclusion that performance obligation for

delivering education is over time and that part of summer semester will be deferred.

• Document how students (customers) have a right to
• withdrawal. Institution will assess and record refund

liability on a portfolio basis, for summer semester revenue.

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FASB Revenue Recognition - Tuition

Audit tests for Step 5 (Tuition):

• Inquire of management whether any semesters cross
• ver multiple years (summer semester)
• Obtain management’s analysis of summer semester

tuition deferred revenue and test calculation

• Obtain management's analysis of summer semester

refund liability and test calculation (if applicable) (this is new!)

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FASB Revenue Recognition - Tuition

Housing conclusions to be documented for Step 1 – Contract Identification:

• Use tool provided separately (or your own!)
• Describe contract with student documentation (is it

electronic? Signed by student/parent? Is it separate from tuition?)

• Contracts are uniform/non-negotiable and fall within the

same fiscal year as the institution (except summer semester)

• Describe nonrefundable deposits for enrollment (creating

contract liability/deferred revenue)

• How institution determines collectability – ie. when does

the institution determine a student can pay for housing (at admission? Approval of SFA?)

• Conclusion on when a contract is created under ASC 606

(when student signs contract and student has ability to pay?)

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FASB Revenue Recognition – Housing (and room & board)

Audit tests for Step 1 (Housing):

• Obtain example student housing contract in year of

implementation and maintain in the permanent/carryforward file and review for key items identified on previous slide (this is new!)

• In future years, we’ll inquire about significant changes to

the student housing contract and obtain if necessary

• Inquire if any student housing contracts are negotiated
• utside of the standard process.
• Does this happen? Manual override?

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FASB Revenue Recognition - Housing

Housing conclusions to be documented for Step 2- Performance Obligations:

• Document that all performance obligations are

completed during the fiscal year

• Document the one performance obligation = Providing

housing (and food) services

Audit tests for Step 2 (Housing):

• Validate that the performance obligation is singular

and will be completed with the fiscal year

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FASB Revenue Recognition – Housing

Housing conclusions to be documented for Step 3- Transaction Price:

• Transaction price is based on an annual housing rate

schedule approved by the Board and published on the institution’s website

• Document if institution awards housing discounts to

students, discussing if the discount is more of a financial aid scholarship or a truly discounted price (or if the same)

• Discuss awarding federal student aid
• Discuss how students (customers) have a right to
• withdrawal. Institution will assess and record refund

liability on a portfolio basis related to summer

• semester. (if applicable) Or Document if housing is not
• ffered in the summer.

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FASB Revenue Recognition - Housing

Audit tests for Step 3 (Housing):

• Validate rate schedules (not new!)
• Complete substantive analytics on housing revenue

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FASB Revenue Recognition – Housing

Housing conclusions to be documented for Step 4- Allocation of Transaction Price:

• Not applicable for housing – only one performance
• bligation

Audit tests for Step 4 (Housing):

• None

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FASB Revenue Recognition – Housing

Housing conclusions to be documented for Step 5- Revenue Recognition (over time or point in time):

• Document that all performance obligations are

satisfied within one year, therefore recognition over time or point in time is not a risk

• For summer semester,
• Document conclusion that performance obligation for

providing housing is over time and that part of summer semester will be deferred.

• Document how students (customers) have a right to
• withdrawal. Institution will assess and record refund

liability on a portfolio basis, for summer semester revenue.

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FASB Revenue Recognition - Housing

Audit tests for Step 5 (Housing):

• Inquire of management whether any semesters cross
• ver multiple years (summer semester)
• Obtain management’s analysis of summer semester

housing deferred revenue and test calculation

• Obtain management's analysis of summer semester

refund liability and test calculation (if applicable) (this is new!)

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FASB Revenue Recognition - Housing

Overall thoughts for Other Contracts:

• Need to assess the performance obligations of the Other

Contract

• Need to assess contract life – all within one fiscal year?
• Impact to the financial statements
• 6/30/19 revenue might be impacted based on performance
• bligation analysis
• 6/30/19 expenses might be impacted (if incur expenses but

haven’t earned the revenue yet, will create Contract Asset, until revenue is recognized)

• 6/30/19 accounts receivable includes balances where you’ve

performed the service but haven’t collected the cash (this is the same!)

• 6/30/19 contract liability (can still call it deferred revenue) –

cash collected but have not performed service (this is the same!)

• 6/30/19 refund liability – might need to be recorded if the

contract includes a refund clause (this is new!)

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FASB Revenue Recognition – Other Contracts

Key considerations:

• Does the contract cross over more than one fiscal year?
• What are the performance indicators?
• What’s the transaction price?
• Point in time or over time revenue recognition?

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FASB Revenue Recognition – Other Contracts

New Footnote:

• General
• Disaggregation of Revenue
• Contract Balances
• Performance Obligations
• Determining the Timing & Satisfaction of

Performance Obligations

• Determining the Transaction Price and Amounts

Allocated to Performance Obligations

• Assets Recognized from the Costs to Obtain or Fulfill

a Contract with a Customer

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Disclosure requirements

General Requirement: Must disclose all of the following amounts for the reporting period unless those amounts are presented separately in the statement

• f activities:
• 1. Revenue recognized from contracts from

customers.

• 2. Any impairment losses recognized on any

receivables or contract assets arising from an entity’s contracts with customers.

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Disclosure requirements

Disaggregation of Revenue Requirement: Must disaggregate exchange revenue recognized from contracts with customers according to the timing of the transfer of goods or services to customers (i.e. over time or at a point in time) and qualitative information about how economic factors (such as type of customer, geographical location of customers, and type of contract) affect the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows.

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Disclosure requirements

Contract Balances Requirement: Must disclose the opening and closing balances of receivables, contract assets and contract liabilities from contracts with customers.

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Disclosure requirements

Performance Obligations Requirement: An entity shall disclose information about its performance

• bligations in contracts with customers, including a description of all of

the following: 1. When the entity typically satisfies its performance obligations (for example, upon shipment, upon delivery, as services are rendered, or upon completion of service) including when performance obligations are satisfied in a bill-and-hold arrangement; 2. The significant payment terms (for example, when payment typically is due, whether the contract has a significant financing component, whether the consideration amount is variable); 3. The nature of the goods or services that the entity has promised to transfer, highlighting any performance obligations to arrange for another party to transfer goods or services (that is, if the entity is acting as an agent) 4. Obligations for returns, refunds, and other similar obligations 5. Types of warranties and related obligations.

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Disclosure requirements

Determining the Timing and Satisfaction of Performance Obligations Requirement: An entity shall disclose the judgments, and changes in the judgments, made in applying the guidance in Topic 606 that significantly affect the determination of the amount and timing of revenue from contracts with customers. In particular, an entity shall explain the judgments, and changes in the judgments, used in determining the timing and satisfaction of performance obligations. For performance obligations that an entity satisfies over time, an entity shall disclose the methods used to recognize revenue (for example, a description of the

• utput methods or input methods used and how those

methods are applied).

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Disclosure requirements

Determining the Transaction Price and the Amounts Allocated to Performance Obligations Requirement: An entity shall disclose the judgments, and changes in the judgments, made in applying the guidance in Topic 606 that significantly affect the determination of the amount and timing of revenue from contracts with customers. In particular, an entity shall explain the judgments, and changes in the judgments, used in determining the transaction price and the amounts allocated to performance obligations. An entity shall disclose information about the methods, inputs, and assumptions used for assessing whether an estimate of variable consideration is constrained.

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Disclosure requirements

Assets Recognized from the Costs to Obtain or Fulfill a Contract with a Customer Requirement: If an entity elects to use the practical expedient to recognize the incremental costs of

• btaining a contract as an expense when incurred if

the amortization period of the asset that the entity

• therwise would have recognized is one year or

less, the entity shall disclose that fact.

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Disclosure requirements

• See handout
• This disclosure example is provided for tuition

and room and board revenue only. Disclosures must be added to meet all of the following requirements for any additional material exchange revenue streams.

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Disclosure Example

• Confirm your implementation date
• Analyze possible impact now
• Complete analysis for tuition & housing
• Complete analysis for other revenue contracts

with customers

• Meet with your audit team to go over

implementation questions

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What’s Next?

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Questions?

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Thank you!

Katie.Thornton@plantemoran.com Robb.Rose@plantemoran.com